Tutorial in Basic Medical Terminology Study materials —Teachers’ own materials (e.g. hand-outs, presentations, activity cards) which are going to be periodically uploaded on the IS in Study materials of your subject. —Prucklová, R. – Severová, M.: Introduction to Latin and Greek Terminology in Medicine. Praha: KLP, 2012 (Unit 1-7) —"Drill" on the IS (https://is.muni.cz/auth/dril/?lang=en ) — Testing —Vocabulary tests at the beginning of each lesson —Two partial exams ¡each successfully written partial test (over 70 %) means that you get bonus 5 % for your final exam) —Credit test ¡70% required if you were not successful in any of the partial tests ¡65% required if you were successful in ONE of the partial tests ¡60% required if you were successful in BOTH partial tests ¡ ¡ ÷ Testing —Students can sit the credit test in the 15th week (May 29-June 4, 2017), there are no exceptions to this whatsoever. —Resits of the credit test will take place only during the exam period, i.e. June 5 – July 9, 2017, or during the extended exam period, i.e. August 28 – September 10, 2017. —The number of possible credit test resits is two. —The dates and number of resits set by the teacher before the exam period is final, it means no other dates will be added during the exam period or later. Testing —Results of the tests will be available to students in the Notebook on the IS. —The student’s results will be given in percentage together with the pass mark. —The student will have the access to his/her tests during guarantee’s office hours only. — Attendance —Absences are going to be electronically registered in the IS. In order to be sure you have been registered as present in the class, be punctual, the attendance is always checked immediately after the beginning of the class. —We can tolerate TWO unexcused absences only; all further absences have to be properly excused by the Study Department. —Unexcused absences are regularly recorded in the Notebook on the IS, and students having these records cannot sit the credit test. Course objectives •The course will focus on basic latin grammar to help the studensts understand medical terminology •After passing final exam, the students will: Øunderstand rules of creating Latin terms and to understand meaning of particular terms Øcreate correct Latin terms (both from anatomical and clinical terminology) Ømaster the vocabulary in a systematic way Øunderstand the system in the terminology of anatomical structures ( = easier memorizing of the terms) — Latin pronunciation Vowels — A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Y Z •Vowels •Long Short •Ā (father) frāctūra A (cut) lingua •Ē (sad) artēria E (met) vertebra •Ī (intrigue) spīna I (intrigue) digitus • I (yes) > J •Ō (door) sensōrius O (on) skeleton •Ū (boom) ruptūra U (put) uterus •Y (analysis) hypophysis Y (lady) tympanum • • •Diphtongs • •AE=Ē (care) anaemia •OE=Ē (care) lagoena •Greek words •OE (o-e) dyspnoe •EU (e-u) euthanasia • Read aloud •hypnosis •ala •olla •eupnoe •ileus •mucus •haematoma •iliacus • • • • • •ossa •diploe •cubitus •venae •diameter •sacralis •ulcus •iris • • • •sutura •sigmoideus •depressor •area •oesophagus •melior •meatus •leucocytus • • • • • Consonants A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Ŷ Z Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 1: c + a, o, u, consonants c + ae, oe, e, i, y [k] medical [ts] tsar camera, costa, cultivatio, cranium caecus, coeliacia, centrum, circulatio, cynismus 2: ch [x] loch chirurgia, cholera Consonants II — 4: h [h] house herba, haematologia 5: j + vowel [y] yes iniectio/injectio, maior/major 6: p p + h [p] present [f] physiology pneumonia, pulmo phantasia, pharmacia 7: qu+ vowel [kv] aqua, quadriceps 8: r r+h [r] rupture [r] vertebra, ruptura rheuma, rhinitis Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 3: g gu + vowel [g] ground [gv] gramma, gastritis lingua, sanguis Consonants III Read aloud —lingua, unguis, diameter obliqua, liquor cerebrospinalis, lobus quadratus hepatis —os nasale, medulla ossium, dorsum, ossa cranii, intestinum crassum, junctura fibrosa, membrana interossea antebrachii, musculus masseter, musculus risorius — aorta descendens, arteria comitans nervi ischiadici, articulatio sacrococcygea, intestinum caecum, tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae, fossa sacci lacrimalis, pectus, occiput —phalanx media, diaphragma, diaphysis, encephalon, os sphenoidale, hemispherium, kyphosis, sphincter, nephros, symphysis pubica —antebrachium, facies, atrium cordis dextrum, brachium sinistrum, endometrium, frenulum labii inferioris, impressio cardiaca, os hyoideum, promontorium —tonsillae palatinae, areae gastricae, arteria nutricia ulnae, cartilago tubae auditivae, meatus nasopharyngeus, membrana vitrea, musculus tensor fasciae latae, plicae palatinae transversae, sulcus glutealis, tunica mucosa tracheae — Grammatical categories What will you find in the dictionary? —English words are presented in one single form —!!!Latin words are presented in three forms!!! —E.g.: — MUSCULUS, I, M. = MUSCLE — — — — — OS, OSSIS, N. = BONE English translation Genitive ending/or even full Genitive form Main form (full nominative) Gender abbreviation !CAUTION! ALL THREE FORMS are EQUALLY important for the future ability to use the noun in the context. Gender —ENGLISH has 3 genders: ¡HE – refers to male humans and animals ¡SHE – refers to female humans and animals ¡IT – inanimate objects or animals —LATIN has 3 genders: ¡not only humans and animals, but also other objects are thought of as being: ÷masculine -> discipulus (he-student), musculus (muscle) ÷feminine -> discipula (she-student), vena (vein) ÷neutral -> corpus (body) —THERE IS NOTHING, WHICH COULD INDICATE THE GENDER TO YOU — YOU HAVE TO LEARN IT BY HEART —In Latin, adjectives change their form depending on the noun to which they refer — Without knowing noun’s gender you CANNOT attach a correct form of an adjective to it. Genitive ending => Declension —Declensions are groups of nouns (or adjectives) using the same set of suffixes (=endings) —There are 5 declensions in Latin —Genitive ending is the only part of the word, which will indicate you its declension Decide on the number of declension •3 •3 •3 •2 •5 •3 •1 • •2 •1 •2 •2 •2 • •2 •3 •1 •2 • •2 •3 •3 •4 •3 • •2 •2 •3 •1 •2 •3 •3 •3 •2 •2 •4 •3 •2 •2 •3 •3 ENDINGS PHOTO.png Genitive ending ⇒ stem of a word —A stem is a form to which endings can be attached —In some declensions (1st, 4th, 5th, and in majority of cases also 2nd) the nominative and genitive forms of the word have identical stem —In some declensions (3rd, partially 2nd) word’s stem can greatly different —WE NEED TO REMOVE THE GENITIVE ENDING IN ORDER TO GAIN THE GENITIVE STEM •ven-a •ven-ae •humer-us •humer-i • •diamet-er •diametr-i •dol-or •dolor-is •corp-us •corpor-is •de-ns •dent-is •arc-us •arc-us • •gen-u •gen-us •faci-es •faci-ei Decide what is the stem of the noun Latin – inflectional language —In many languages, Latin and Greek among them, nouns inflect (change their form) for number and for case. ¡Inflection for number involves singular (sg.) : plural (pl.) forms (eg. forearm : forearms, antebrachium : antebrachia) and is present in English as well. ¡Inflection for case involves changing the form of the noun according to its syntactic function/meaning. Latin has extensive case system in which a special form is used for every specific meaning. In medical terminology we use 4 out of 6 Latin cases to express the following meanings: — Cases and their meanings •LATIN •system of specific case endings + prepositions • •1. NOMINATIVE – subject (ending) • •2. GENITIVE – dependency of two nouns, possession (ending) • •4. ACCUSATIVE – object, movement (preposition + ending) • •6. ABLATIVE – place, location, instrument, cause (preposition + ending) •ENGLISH •prepositions or word order • •subject of the sentence • •of • • •object of the sentence • • •by, with, to, because of... •In medical terminology ACCUSATIVE and ABLATIVE cases are used ONLY AFTER the PREPOSITION. •NOMINATIVE and GENITIVE NEVER appear AFTER a PREPOSITION • ENDINGS PHOTO.png ONLY ACCUSATIVE (4TH CASE) AND ABLATIVE (6TH CASE)APPEAR AFTER A PREPOSITION Introduction to syntax NOUN IN APPOSITION I. —noun + noun < GENITIVE ¡Translated: using of ¡Meaning: state of dependency, possession — —EX: Fractura costae //fractura costarum •Fracture of rib Fracture of ribs •! = rib fracture = rib fractures — — Connect two nouns •ex: caput + costa > caput costae head of rib •caput + femur -> •caput + fibula -> •caput + humerus -> •caput + phalanx -> •caput + radius -> •caput + talus -> •caput + ulna -> •caput femoris •caput fibulae •caput humeri •caput phalangis •caput radii •caput tali •caput ulnae Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension, dictionary entry —Magnus, a, um —Magnus magna magnum — m. f. n. — —coxa cervix —oculus sulcus —crus arcus —bucca metatarsus —fibula hallux —Dexter, a, um —Dexter dextra dextrum — m. f. n. — —coxa cervix —oculus sulcus —crus arcus —bucca metatarsus —fibula hallux Find all the adjectives —vena, ae, f. —periculum, i, n. —fractura, ae, f. —suspicio, onis, f. —thorax, cis, m. —fractus, a, um —dies, ei, m. —pulsus, us, m. —hepaticus, a, um —arcus, us, m. —thoracicus, a, um —hepar, tis, n. —rete, is, n. —planus, a, um —caesareus, a, um —diameter, tri, f. —caries, ei, f. —ruptus, a, um —flexor, oris, m. —bonus, a, um Find all the adjectives —vena, ae, f. —periculum, i, n. —fractura, ae, f. —suspicio, onis, f. —thorax, cis, m. —fractus, a, um —dies, ei, m. —pulsus, us, m. —hepaticus, a, um —arcus, us, m. —thoracicus, a, um —hepar, tis, n. —rete, is, n. —planus, a, um —caesareus, a, um —diameter, tri, f. —caries, ei, f. —ruptus, a, um —flexor, oris, m. —bonus, a, um Agreed-attribute What is the correct adjective for the noun in the triangle? orbita pes dexter dextra dextrum dextra dextrum dexter dextrum dextra dexter genu Structure of multi-word medical terms —two-word terms: ¡noun + adjective in nominative singular: ÷costa vera (true rib); fibula fracta (broken calf-bone) ¡noun in nominative + noun in genitive (second noun is usually translated into english using „of“) ÷spina scapulae (spine of shoulderblade); fractura fibulae (fracture of calf bone) ¡noun in nominative + noun following a preposition ÷ACC: medicamentum contra dolorem (remedy against pain) ÷ABL: medicamentum pro adultis (remedy for adults) —multi-word terms combining these types in various ways ¡status post fracturam colli femoris sinistri cum dislocatione ÷state after a fracture of the neck of the left femur with a dislocation ¡extractio dentis canini propter cariem profundam cum anaesthesia locali ÷extraction of canine tooth because of deep dental decay with local anesthesia — 1st Latin declension — KOncovky do prezentácií.png 1st Latin declension —Example word: vēna, ae, f. — — — — — — case singular plural nom. vēna vēnae gen. vēnae vēnarum ak. vēnam vēnas abl. vēnā vēnis 1st Greek declension —In the first declension we decline nouns that have: — Genitive sg. ending -ES -AE Nominative sg. ending -E -ES Gender F M 1st Greek declension — KOncovky do prezentácií.png • 1st Greek declension systole, es, f diabetes, ae, m. nom. sg. systole diabetes gen. sg. systoles diabetae ak. sg. systolen diabetam abl. sg. systole diabeta oAll nouns infleced like systole, es, f. are of feminine gender. oAll nouns inflectted like diabetes, ae, m. are of masculine gender. oParadigms vena, systole and diabetes have identical endings in plural. 1st Greek declension — KOncovky do prezentácií.png • Feminine form of adjectives ending in US, A, UM / ER, A, UM — KOncovky do prezentácií.png • Homework —learn 1st declension by heart —revise/learn terms for grammatical categories —revise/learn vocabulary from handouts 1.1, 2 and 3 —revise prepositions – see pdf file PREPOSITIONS —translate into Latin following slide: Translate —complicated fracture of right shinbone —rupture of coronary artery —congenital anomaly of vertebral column (literally: column of vertebrae) —after angina —cause of acute dyspnea —mucous membrane of gall bladder —fracture of the fourth coccygeal vertebra —congenital insufficiency of eustachian tube —treatment of chronic allergy — — — —