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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
overview:oral cavity(cavum oris), pharynx, oesophagus, stomach (ventriculus, gaster,
stomachus), small intestine (intestinum tenue), large intestine(intestinum crassum)
Glands of digestive system: intramural, extramural
Common structure of gastrointestinal tube:
1. tunica mucosa: lamina epithelialis, lamina propria mucosae, lamina muscularis mucosae
(papillae, plicae, villi)
2. tela submucosa (plexus submucosus)
3. tunica muscularis: stratum circulare, stratum longitudinale (plexus myentericus)
4. adventitia/serosa
CAVUM ORIS
Rima oris
Vestibulum oris: shape, boundaries
Labium superius et inferius: anguli oris, philtrum, tuberculum labii sup., sulcus nasolabialis,
sulcus mentolabialis. Structure: skin, subcutaneous tissue kůže, podkožní vazivo, m.
orbicularis oris, submucous tissue (glandulae labiales). transitional zone– red of the lips.
Buccae: Structure: skin, subcutaneous tissue, m. buccinator, submucous tissue (glandulae
buccales et molares), mucous membrane. Papilla parotidea.
Mucous membrane (lips and cheeks) → fornix vestibuli sup. et inf. (frenulum labii sup. et
inf.) → mucogingival border→ gingiva (processus alveolares): attached, free (differences,
boundaries– paramarginal groove). Papillae interdentales.
Tremata, trigonum retromolare.
Cavum oris proprium: boundaries
Palatum durum: Hard palate (bony palate) (1. semestr), papilla incisiva, plicae palatinae
transversae, torus palatinus. Structure: mucous membrane + periosteum of hard palate =
mukoperiosteum. Only small portion of subcutaneous tissue (glandullae palatinae, taste
buds).
Palatum molle: 2 parts (horizontal and dorsocaudal). Structure: mucous membrane,
aponeurosis palatina (apouneurotic insertion for muscles of soft palate: m. palatoglossus,
palatopharyngeus, m. tensor veli palatini, m. levator veli palatini, m. uvulae). Uvula.
Diaphragma oris: Structure: mucous membrane, m. geniohyoideus, mylohyoideus, venter
anterior m. digastrici. Frenulum linguae, plica sublingualis, caruncula sublingualis.
Isthmus faucium: boundaries
Arcus palatoglossus et palatopharyngeus. Sinus tonsillaris, plica semilunaris. Tonsilla
palatina: mucous membrane: fossulae et cryptae tonsillares, lymfatic tissue. Capsula
tonsillaris.
Lingua (glossa):
Radix linguae: plica glossoepiglottica mediana, plicae glossoepiglotticae laterales, valleculae
epiglotticae. Tonsilla lingualis.
Corpus lingue: dorsum, sulcus terminalis, foramen caecum, papillae linguales, facies inferior,
plicae fimbriatae, margines linguae;
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Apex linguae; glandulae linguales, aponeurosis linguae, septum linguae, intraglossal and
extraglossal muscles
Facies a) dorsalis: sulcus medianus linguae, sulcus terminalis, foramen caecum linguae,
papillae: filiformes, fungiformes, vallatae, foliatae (localization). Caliculi
gustatorii.
b) inferior: frenulum linguae, plicae fimbriatae.
Margines linguae
Glandullae linguales: serous (of Ebner), mucinous (of Weber), gl. apicis major.
Structure of tongue: mucous membrane, aponeurosis linguae, muscles (extraglossal muscles:
m. genioglossus, m. hyoglossus, m. styloglossus and intraglossal muscles: m. longitudinalis
linguae sup. et inf., m. transversus linguae, m. verticalis linguae).
Septum linguae.
Dentes:
Parts: corona dentis, collum dentis, radix/radices dentis.
Surface: margo incisalis, facies occlusalis (tubercula dentalia, intertubercular grooves),
approximalis (mesialis, distalis), vestibularis (labialis, buccalis) et oralis (palatina, lingualis).
Structure: dentinum (crown, neck, root), enamelum(crown), cementum (neck)
Cavity: cavum dentis, canalis radicis dentis, foramen apicis dentis. Pulpa dentis.
Fixation of the tooth (gomphosis): periodontal ligaments. Periodontium. Paradontium.
Types of teeth: dentes incisivi, canini, praemolares et molares – description of temporal
and permanent tooth: count in the jaw,shape if the crown, description of surfaces of crown,
in the dorsal teeth description of occlusal surface (amount of tubercles, shape og fissural
complex), differences in sizes, count and shape of roots, shape of dental cavity, number of
root canals.
Dentition: temporary (dentes decidui), permanent (dentes permanentes). Mixed dentition.
Marking of teeth. Dental cross.
a) part of dental cross. Temporary teeth: small letters or roman numbers. Permanent teeth:
large numbers or arabian numbers.
b) two-digit code: first digit: number of quadrant (Permanent teeth 1-4 , Temporary teeth
5-8; second digit: the tooth)
Eruption of teeth (Temporary teeth: from 6 months to 2.5 year; Permanent teeth: from 6 to 16
years ). Order of eruption according to temporary and permanent dentition
Glandulae salivariae: division according to the secretion (serous, mucinous, mixed), division
according to size(small, large)
gll. salivariae minores: labiales, buccales, molares, palatinae. Localization, frequency,
secretion
gll. salviariae majores:
glandula submandibularis: position, type, size. Ductus submandibularis (course,
opening)
glandula sublingualis: position, type, size. Ductus sublingualis major et minor (course,
opening)
glandula parotis: position, type, size. Ductus parotideus (course, opening). Fascia
parotidea
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PHARYNX
Attachment to the basis cranii externa (course)
Parts:
Nasopharynx: extent; choanae, fornix pharyngis; tonsilla pharyngea; ostium pharyngeum
tubae auditivae, torus tubarius et levatorius, plica salpingopharyngea et salpingopalatina;
tonsilla tubaria
Oropharynx: extent, isthmus faucium
Laryngopharynx: extent. Aditus laryngis: plicae aryepiglotticae, incisura (plica)
interarytaenoidea. Recessus piriformis
Structure of pharynx: 1. mucous membrane (gll. pharyngeae, lymfatic tissue), 2. submucous
tissue (fascia pharyngobasilaris), 3. muscles: a) constrictors: m. constrictor pharyngis superior,
medius et inferior (including parts), b) levators: m. stylopharyngeus, m. glossopharyngeus, 4.
adventitia
OESOPHAGUS
Lenght, extetnt, division: pars cervicalis, thoracica et abdominalis
Fyziological constictions
Structure of wall: 1. mucous membrane (folds), 2. submucous tissue 3. musculature
(striated,mixed, smooth), adventitia/serous membrane
X-ray examination (oesophagography)
VENTRICULUS (GASTER)
Basic function. Position. Volume
Parts: pars cardiaca, ostium cardiacum, incisura cardiaca, fundus ventriculi, corpus ventriculi,
incisura angularis, pars pylorica, ostium pyloricum (m. sphincter pylori)
Facies anterior et posterior
Curvatura major et minor
Structure of wall: 1. Mucous membrane (sulcus salivarius and irregular folds, areae gastricae,
foveolae gastricae, glandulae gastricae); 2. submucous tissue 3. musculature (stratum
longitudinale, stratum circulare, fibrae obliquae), 4. serous membrane
X-ray examination (gastrography)
INTESTINUM TENUE
Basic function. Lenght. Position. Beggining, end
Duodenum:
Position. Beggining, end
Parts: pars superior (bulbus duodeni, lig. hepatoduodenale), flexura duodeni sup., pars
descendens (pars supramesocolica et inframesocolica), flexura duodeni inf., pars horizontalis
(crossing of radix mesocoli), pars ascendens, flexura duodenojejunalis
Structure of wall: 1. Mucous membrane: villi interstinales, plicae circulares, plica longitudinalis
duodeni, papilla duodeni major et minor; glandulae intestinales – production of isotonic fluid,
2. submucous tissue: glandulae duodenales – correction of pH 3. musculature, 4. serous
membrane ( in whole extent of pars superior, another parts secondarily retroperitonealy)
Jejunum et ileum:
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Beggining, end. Radix mesenterii, ansae intestinales. Differences between jejunum and ileum
(lenght, localization, color, width, thickness of wall, types of plicae, course of blood supply,
lymfatic tissue).
Structure of wall: 1. Mucous membrane (villi intestinales, plicae circulares; glandulae
intestinales, lymfatická tkáň), 2. submucous tissue, 3. musculature, 4. serous membrane
INTESTINUM CRASSUM
Basic function. Lenght. Position. Taenie, haustra, appendices epiploicae
Structure of wall
1. mucous membrane (plicae semilunares)
2. submucous tissue
3. musculature (circular, longitudinal– s.c. taenie)
4. serous membrane
1. Caecum:
lenght, position, ostium ileocaecale, valva ileocaecalis. Appendix vermiformis (ostium
appendicis vermiformis, valva appendicis vermiformis, lymfatic tissue, s.c. tonsilla
abdominalis), positions of appendix: positio pelvina, retrocaecalis, praecaecalis, ileocaecalis,
lateralis
2. Colon:
o colon ascendens: beginning, end (flexura coli dextra), lenght, position according to the
peritoneum
o colon transversum: beginning, end (flexura coli sinistra), lenght, position according to
the peritoneal cavity, mesocolon transversum
o colon descendens: beginning, end, lenght, position according to the peritoneal cavity
o colon sigmoideum: beginning, parts (pars iliaca, pars pelvina), end, lenght, position
according to the peritoneal cavity. Mesosigmoideum
3. Rectum:
beginning, openning(crena ani, anus), lenght.
Parts: pars pelvina et canalis analis.
Curvatures: in saggital plane (flexura sacralis, flexura perinealis)
in frontal plane(plicae transversales recti)
Structure of wall in rectum:
1. mucous membrane: in ampulla recti: plicae transversales (middle, right, s.c. plica of
Kohlrausch), in canalis analis a) zona hemorhoidalis (columnae anales; sinus anales,
valvulae anales), b) zona intermedia (as transitional zone of lip) a c) zona cutanea
2. submucous tissue (thin- possible prolaps; venous plexuses- v zona hemorrhoidalis)
3. musculature: circular (m. sphincter ani int. et ext.) and longitudinal
4. serous membrane/adventitia
X ray examination: irigography, DCBE
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HEPAR
Basic functions, position, color, weight
Surfaces: facies diaphragmatica: pars superior et anterior
facies visceralis: fissura ligamenti teretis, fissura ligamenti venosi, fossa vesicae
biliaris, fossa venae cavae inf.; porta hepatis (a. hepatica propria, v. portae, ductus
hepaticus communis, plexus hepaticus)
Lobes: lobus dexter, sinister, quadratus et caudatus. Segments of liver.
Structure: capsula fibrosa, liver parenchyme + tissue
Morfological unit: lobulus hepatis
Functional unit: lobulus v. interlobularis
Excretory ducts: ductus hepaticus: dx., sin., ductus hepaticus communis
Blood supply: nutritive (a. hepatica propria)
functional (v. portae → ramus. dx. et sin. → vv. interlobulares → sinosoidy →
v. centralis → sběrné žíly → vv. hepaticae → v. cava inf.)
VESICA FELLEA (BILIARIS)
Basic functions, position, lenght, volume
Parts: fundus, corpus, infundibulum, collum (plica spiralis)
Excretory duct: ductus cysticus. Ductus choledochus
Structure of wall: mucous membrane (folds), musculature, serous membrane
X-ray examination: cholecystography
Excretory bile ducts
Production of bile by hepatic cells → intralobular bile duct → interlobular→ segmental→
ductus hepaticus communis + ductus cysticus → ductus choledochus → papila duodeni major
(m. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae, Oddi). If a foof is not present in duodenum, bile
flows back to the gall bladder (Není-li potrava ve dvanáctníku, žluč se vrací zpět do žlučníku
(for thickening)
PANCREAS
Basic functions, position, lenght
Parts: caput (incisura pancreatis, processus uncinatus), corpus (tuber omentale), cauda.
Surfaces: facies ant., post.
Borders: margo sup. et inf.
Excretory duct: ductus pancreaticus major (ampula hepatopancreatica) et ductus
pancreaticus minor (papilla duodeni minor)
Structure: lobuli pancreatis (succus pancreaticus); Isles of Langerhans (inzuline, glukagon)
LIEN
Basic functions, position, lenght, color
Surfaces: facies diaphragmatica, facies visceralis (hilus: av. lienalis, plexus lienalis)
Extremitas post. et ant.
Margo sup. et inf.
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Structure: tunica fibrosa (capsula lienis), trabeculae lienis, pulpa lienis, folliculi lymphatici
lienales
PERITONEUM
Structure: layer of flat endothelial cells, subserous tissue
Peritoneum parietale. Peritoneum viscerale. Mesenteria
Cavitas peritonealis: pars supramesocolica, pars inframesocolica (organs, blood supply).
Position of organs according to the peritoneal cavity: intraperitoneal, secondarily
retroperitoneal, retroperitoneal, extraperitoneal
Peritoneal folds: plica umbilicalis mediana, plicae umbilicales mediales, plicae umbilicales lat.;
fossae: supravesicales, inguinales mediales, inguinales lat.
Peritoneal folds bound with organs: lig. falciforme hepatis (lig. teres hepatis), ligg. triangularia,
omentum minus (lig. hepatoduodenale et hepatogastricum), omentum majus, lig.
gastrocolicum, lig. gastrolienale, lig. pancreaticolienalie, lig. phrenicolienale, lig.
phrenicocolicum, mesenterium (line of attachment), mesocolon transversum (line of
attachment), mesoappendix, mesosigmoideum.
Recessus peritonei: duodenales, ileocaecales, paracolici, intersigmoideus. Burza omentalis
(boundaries, entrance)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Overview
o Upper respiratory tract: external nose (nasus externus), nasal cavity(cavum nasi),
paranasal sinuses (sinus paranasales)
o Lower respiratory tract: larynx, wind pipe (trachea), bronchi
o Lungs (pulmones)
NASUS EXTERNUS
Basic functions, shape, boundaries
Parts: radix nasi, dorsum nasi, apex nasi, alae nasi, nares
Structure: skin (muscles)
ossa nasalia, maxilla (see 1. semester)
cartilagines nasales: cartilago septi nasi, cartilago nasi lateralis, cartilago alaris major
(crus mediale et laterale), cartilago alaris minor, cartilagines nasales accessoriae
CAVITAS NASALIS
Basic functions
Entrance, nares (boundaries), exit, choanae (boundaries)
Mucous memb.: regio respiratoria – lokalization
regio olfactoria (lokalization)
Parts:
vestibulum nasi: limen nasi, vibrissae, recessus apicis nasi
cavum nasi proprium:
septum nasi: pars ossea (see 1. semester); pars cartilaginea; pars membranacea
walls: cranial, caudal, medial, lateral (see 1. semester)
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Meatus nasi: superius, medius, inferius, communis, nasopharyngeus
Plexus cavernosi concharum – epistaxis
Sinus paranasales
Evolution, basic function, localization, volume, openings
Sinus frontalis (septum)
Cellulae ethmoidales – ant., medii (bulla ethmoidalis), post.
Sinus sphenoidalis – wall: cranial, lateral, ventral (apertura sinus sphenoidalis)
Sinus maxillaris – wall: ventral, dorsal, cranial, medial (1. semester). Hiatus sinus maxillaris,
infundibulum ethmoidale. Recessus sinus maxillaris
Examination: diaphanoskophy - obsolent, contrast X ray - obsolent, semiaxial projection.
LARYNX
Position, shape
Basic structure:
mucous membrane (plicae ventriculares, plicae vocales)
subcutaneous tissue: very thin (oedema!), thick (membrana fibroelastica laryngis:
membrana quadrangularis + conus elasticus)
cartiliges (joints)
muscles
Cartilagines laryngis:
Cartilago thyroidea: lamina dx. et sin. (linea obliqua); incisura thyroidea sup. et inf.; cornu
sup. et inf. (facies art. cricoidea)
Cartilago cricoidea: arcus; lamina (facies articularis arytaenoidea, facies art. thyroidea).
Cartilago arytaenoidea: apex; basis (facies art. cricoidea, processus vocalis et muscularis);
facies: anterolateralis, post., medialis
Cartilago epiglottica: petiolus, lamina
Cartilago corniculata et cuneiformis
Articulationes laryngis: articulatio cricothyroidea et cricoarytaenoidea (movements)
Syndesmoses laryngis: membrana thyrohyoidea; lig. cricotracheale; lig. thyroepiglotticum, lig.
hyoepiglotticum; membrana quadrangularis (ligg. ventricularia), 2. conus elasticus (ligg.
vocalia)
Musculi laryngis: division considering localization ( anterior, posterior and lateral group –
origin and attachment); division according to the function. Musculus: thyroepiglotticus,
aryepiglotticus, cricoarytaenoideus post., cricoarytaenoideus lat., arytaenoideus,
cricothyroideus, thyroarytaenoideus, vocalis
Cavitas laryngis:
Vestibulum laryngis: boundaries; plicae vestibulares (structure, color), rima vestibuli.
Glottis: boundaries; ventriculus laryngis; plicae vocales, rima glottidis - pars
intermembranacea et intercartilaginea
Cavitas infraglottica: extetnt
Examination: direct and indirect laryngoscopy, laryngoscopical image – position of vocal cords
in fonatition and respiration
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TRACHEA
Localization, extent (C6 - cca Th4), lenght
Structure of wall (cartilagines tracheales; ligg. anularia; paries membranaceus; m. trachealis)
Parts: pars cervicalis et thoracica
Bifurcatio tracheae; carina tracheae
BRONCHI
Localization
Structure of wall
Bronchus principalis dexter et sinister (differences in diameter and course)
Arbor bronchialis: bronchi lobares, bronchi segmentales... → bronchioli ... → alveoli pulmonis
PULMO
Localization, shape, color, function. Basic structure
Basis pulmonis, apex pulmonis
Surfaces, facies: diaphragmatica, costalis et mediastinalis (hilum pulmonis)
Margins, margines: inf., ant. (incisura cardiaca pulmonis sin.), post.
Lobes:
pulmo sinister: lobus sup. et inf. (lingula pulmonis sin.)
pulmo dexter: lobus sup., medius, inf.
Fissurae interlobares: fissura obliqua, fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri.
Bronchopulmonal segments (count)
Nutritional and functional circulation
PLEURA
Pleura visceralis (lig. pulmonale)
Pleura parietalis: cupula (localization); parts of pleura (according to the adjacent structures):
pleura costalis, diaphragmatica et mediastinalis
Recessus pleurales: costodiaphragmaticus, costomediastinalis et phrenicomediastinalis
Cavitas pleurales
GLANDULA THYROIDEA
Localization, color, basic functions
Lobus dexter et sinister, isthmus, lobus pyramidalis
Structure: capsula fibrosa (capsula externa + capsula propria → lobuli, folliculi)
GLANDULA PARATHYROIDEA
Position, count, shape, size, basic functions
THYMUS
Position, color, shape (base, apex), basic functions
Lobus dexter et sinister
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Structure: capsula thymica → lobuli thymi (cortex, medulla)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Overview
o Heart (cor)
o System of vessels: arteries (arteriae), veins (venae), capillaries
COR
Position, size, shape, function.
Axis of a heart, auscultation points of valves - A, B, C, D.
Parts: basis et apex cordis
Facies: sternocostalis, diaphragmatica
Margines: dexter (acutus) et sinister (obtusus)
Surface: sulcus interventricularis ant. et post., sulcus coronarius
Septum cordis (interatriale, interventriculare); septum atrioventriculare
Cavities of a heart:
Atrium dextrum:
shape, walls: upper (ostium venae cavae superioris), lower (ostium et valva venae cavae inf.,
ostium sinus coronarii, valvula sinus coronarii, venae cordis anteriores), medial (septum
interatriale, fossa ovalis, limbus fossae ovalis), lateral (crista terminalis), anterior (ostium
atrioventriculare dx., valva tricuspidalis: cuspis ant., post., septalis), posterior (torus
intervenosus); auricula dextra
Ventriculus dexter:
shape, inflow part (pars trabecularis): ostium atrioventriculare dx., valva tricuspidalis, (cuspis ant.,
post., septalis), chordae tendineae, mm. papillares (ant., post., septalis), crista supraventricularis
outflow part (pars glabra): ostium trunci pulmonalis, valva trunci pulmonalis (valvulae
seminlunaris ant., dx., sin.).
Atrium sinistrum: fossa ovalis, ostia venarum pulmonalium, auricula sinistra
Ventriculus sinister: shape , inflow part (pars trabecularis): ostium atrioventriculare sin., valva
bicuspidalis (cuspis ant. et post.), chordae tendinae, mm. papilares (ant. et post.) outflow part (pars
glabra): ostium aortae valva semilunaris aortae (valvula semilunaris post., dx., sin.)
Structure of wall: endocardium, myocardium (working, conductive), epicardium.
Pericard (perikardium): fibrosum, serosum; porta arteriarum et venarum; sinus obliquus et transversus.
Skeleton of heart (anulus fibrosus dx. et sin., anulus aorticus, anulus trunci pulmonalis, trigonum
fibrosum dx. et sin., konusová šlacha).
Inervation: Conductive system of heart: nodus sinuatrialis et atrioventricularis, fasciculus
atrioventricularis, crus dx. et sin. (branches of Tawar), fibres of Purkynje. Accessory connections.
Modulation of heart labor: plexus cardiacus superficialis et prof. (sympathetic fibres - nn. cardiaci;
parasympathetic fibres- rr. cardiaci)
Nourishment:
aa. coronariae cordis: leaving from aorta, postion, region of blood supply. A. coronaria cordis sin.:
r. interventricularis ant., r. circumflexus; a. coronaria cordis dx.: r. interventricularis post.
Branches from both aa. coronariae: r. coni arteriosi, rr. atriales, rr. ventriculares, rr. septales, rr.
marginales, rr. nodi sinuatriales/atrioventriculares
venae cordis: localization, place of inflow, tributary regions. Sinus coronarius (vena cordis magna,
media et parva); vv. cordis anateriores; vv. cordis minimae
Lymphatic vessels: lymphatic plexuses, truncus lymphaticus anterior dx. et sin.
X-ray:
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o native X-ray of a thorax (posteroanterior projection, describe and shox right and left border of
a heart shade)
o contrast examination of coronary arteries - coronarography - PTCA
ARTERIAE
Basic structure of wall: tunica intima, media, externa
In each artery briefly course and region of nourishment
Aorta ascendens
Borders, bulbus aortae, sinus aortae
o Aa. coronariae cordis
Arcus aortae
Borders
o Truncus brachiocephalicus (a. carotis communis dx, a. subclavia dx)
o A. carotis communis sin.
o A. subclavia sin.
A. carotis communis
Course on a neck
A. carotis externa
(detailed knowledge of the course!)
Anterior branches:
o A. thyroidea superior (a. laryngea sup.)
o A. lingualis (a. sublingualis, rr. dorsales linguae, a. profunda linguae)
o A. facialis (a. palatina ascendens, r. tonsillaris, a. submentalis, a. labialis sup. et inf., arcus
labialis superior et inferior, a. alaris nasi, a. angularis)
Lateral branches
o A. sternocleidomastoidea
Dorsal branches
o A. occipitalis
o A. auricularis post. (rr. glandulares, r. auricularis, a. stylomastoidea, a. tympanica post.)
Medial branches
o A. pharyngea ascendens (a. meningea post., a. tympanica inf.)
Terminal branches
o A. temporalis superficialis (rr. parotidei, a. temporalis media, rr. auriculares ant., r. frontalis et
parietalis
o A. maxillaris
 pars mandibularis (a. meningea media, a. alveolaris inf.)
 pars pterygoidea (a. masseterica, aa. temporales profundae, rr. pterygoidei, a. buccalis)
 pars pterygopalatina (a. infraorbitalis, a. palatina descendens, a. sphenopalatina)
A. carotis interna
( 3. semester)
A. subclavia
Boundaries; fissura scalenorum
o A. vertebralis (CNS – 3. semester)
o A. thoracica interna
 rr. mediastinales
 a. pericardiacophrenica
 rr. intercostales ant.
 a. musculophrenica
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 a. epigastrica superior
o Truncus thyrocervicalis
 a. thyroidea inf. (a. laryngea inf., rr. tracheales, rr. pharyngeales, rr.oesophageales)
 a. cervicalis ascendens
 a. cervicalis superficialis
o Truncus costocervicalis (a. cervicalis prof., a. intercostalis suprema)
o A. transversa colli
o A. suprascapularis
A. axillaris
Boundaries
o Rr. subscapulares
o A. thoracica suprema
o A. thoracoacromialis
o A. thoracica lateralis
o A. subscapularis (a. circumflexa scapulae, a. thoracodorsalis)
o A. circumflexa humeri ant. et post.
A. brachialis
Boundaries, sulcus bicipitalis medialis
o A. profunda brachii - course (a. collateralis media, a. collateralis radialis)
o A. collateralis ulnaris sup. et inf.
A. radialis
Relation to canalis carpi
o A. recurrens radialis
o R. carpeus dorsalis (rete carpi dorsale, aa. metacarpeae dorsales, aa. digitales dorsales)
o A. metacarpea dorsalis prima (aa. digitales dorsales)
o A. princeps pollicis (aa. digitales palmares)
o R. palmaris superficialis et profundus
A. ulnaris
Relation to canalis carpi
o A. recurrens ulnaris
o A. interossea communis (a.interossea ant. et post.)
o R. carpeus dorsalis (rete carpi dorsale, aa. metacarpeae dorsales, aa. digitales dorsales)
o R. palmaris superficialis et profundus
Rete articulare cubiti (a. brachialis, a. radialis, a. ulnaris)
Arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus (aa. metacarpeae palmares, aa. digitales palmares)
Aorta thoracica
Boundaries, position (posterior mediastinum)
Parietal branches
o Aa. intercostales post.
o Aa. phrenicae superiores
Visceral branches
o Rr. bronchiales, oesophagei, pericardiaci
Aorta abdominalis
Boundaries, position (retroperitoneal)
Parietal branches
o Aa. phrenicae inf. (a. suprarenalis sup.)
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o Aa. lumbales
Visceral branches - paired
o Aa. suprarenales mediae
o Aa. renales (rr. ureterici, a. suprarenalis inf.)
o Aa. testiculares / aa. ovaricae
Visceral branches - unpaired
o Truncus coeliacus
 a. gastrica sin.
 a. hepatica communis: hepatica propria (a. cystica), a. gastroduodenalis (a.
gastroepiploica dx. et a. pancreaticoduodenalis sup.)
 a. lienalis (rr. pancreatici, a. gastroepiploica sin., aa. gastricae breves, rr. lienales)
o A. mesenterica sup.
 a. pancreaticoduodenalis inf.
 aa. jejunales et ilei
 a. ileocolica
 a. colica dextra
 a. colica media
o A. mesenterica inf.
 a. colica sin. (ramus ascendens et descendens)
 aa. sigmoideae
 a. rectalis sup.
Arteria iliaca communis
Boundaries, position (retroperitoneal)
o A. sacralis mediana
A. iliaca interna
Parietal branches
o A. iliolumbalis
o A. sacralis lateralis
o A. obturatoria
o A. glutea sup. et inf.
o A. pudenda interna (canalis pudendalis)
 a rectalis inf.
 a. perinealis
 a. penis (a. bulbi penis, a. urethralis, a. dorsalis penis, a. profunda penis) or a.
clitoridis (a. bulbi vestibuli, a. dorsalis clitoridis, a. profunda clitoridis)
Visceral branches
o A. umbilicalis (a. vesicalis sup.)
o A. vesicalis inf.
o A. rectalis media
o A. uterina - ♀ (r. uretericus, rr. uterini, r. tubarius, r. ovaricus, a. vaginalis) or a. ductus
deferentis - ♂
A. iliaca externa
Boundaries; lacuna vasorum
o A. epigastrica inf.
o A. circumflexa ilium prof.
A. femoralis
Boundaries; fossa iliopectionea, canalis adductorius (lamina vastoadductoria), hiatus adductorius
o A. epigastrica superficialis
o A. circumflexa ilium superficialis
o Aa. pudendae externae
o A. profunda femoris
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 a. circumflexa femoris medialis
 a. circumflexa femoris lateralis (r. ascendens et descendens)
 aa. perforantes
o A. genus descendens
A. poplitea
o Aa. surales
o Aa. genus sup., media et inf.
A. tibialis anterior
o Aa. recurrentes
o A. malleolaris anterior medialis et lateralis
o A. dorsalis pedis:
 aa. tarseae mediales
 a. tarsea lateralis (anastomosa s a. arcuata)
 a. arcuata (aa. metatarseae dorsales, aa. digitales dorsales)
 a. metatarsea dorsalis prima (aa. digitales dorsales)
 r. plantaris profundus (napojení na arcus plantaris)
A. tibialis posterior
o R. circumflexus fibulae
o A. peronea (rr. malleolares laterales, rr. calcanei laterales)
o Rr. malleolares mediales
o Rr. calcanei mediales
o A. plantaris medialis (r. superficialis et prof.)
o A. plantaris lateralis (arcus plantaris, aa. metatarseae plantares, aa.digitales plantares)
Rete articulare genus (a. femoralis, a. poplitea, aa. tibiales)
VENAE
Basic structure of wall (tunica intima, media, externa). In each vein tributary region, in large veins
briefly course.
X-ray of vessels: angiography (arteries– arteriography, veins– phlebography)
remark: by Origin is meant, from which vessels is formerly mentioned vein actually constituted
V. cava superior
Origin, position, tributary region
o v. azygos
Vv. brachiocephalicae
Origin, position, tributery region, difference between left and right vein
o vv. thyroideae inf.
o v. vertebralis
o v. thoracica interna (v. epigastrica sup. a v. musculophrenica)
o mediastinal organs (vv. thymicae, tracheales, bronchiales, esophageales, pericardiacae)
V. jugularis interna
Origin, position, bulbus sup. et inf., tributary regions
o Intracranial inflows:
 sinus durae matris
 vv. cerebri
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 vv. diploicae
 vv. meningeae
 vv. emissariae
 vv. ophtalmicae
o Extracranial inflows:
 v. retromandibularis (v. temporalis superf., v. maxillaris, plexus pterygoideus)
 v. facialis (v. profunda faciei)
 v. lingualis
 vv. thyroideae sup.
 vv. pharyngeae
 (v. transversa colli, v. suprascapularis)
V. jugularis externa
Origin, position, tributary region
o v. auricularis post.
o v. occipitalis
o vv. jugulares ant. (arcus venosus juguli)
V. subclavia
Origin, position, tributary region
o (v. transversa colli, v. suprascapularis)
V. axillaris
Origin, position, tributary region
o v. thoracoepigastrica
o v. thoracica lateralis
o v. cephalica
Veins of upper extremity
Profound and superficial system, differences
Profound veins: vv. digitales, radiales, ulnares, interosseae antebrachii, brachiales
Superficial veins: rete venosus dorsale manus, rete venosus palmare manus, vv. intercapitulares, v.
basilica, v. cephalica (v. mediana cubiti, v. mediana antebrachii)
V. cava inferior
Origin, position, tributary region
o Parietal inflows:
 vv. iliacae communes
 vv. lumbales
 vv. phrenicae inf.
o Visceral inflows:
 vv. testiculares / vv. ovaricae
 vv. renales
 vv. suprarenales
 vv. hepaticae
Vv. iliacae communes
Origin, position, tributary region
o v. sacralis mediana
V. iliaca interna
Origin, position, tributary region
o Parietal inflows:
15
 vv. iliolumbales
 sacrales lat.
 gluteae sup. et inf.
 obturatoriae
 pudendae int.
o Visceral inflows:
 plexus venosus vesicalis
 plexus venosus prostaticus
 plexus venosus uterinus, vaginalis
 plexus venosus rectalis (vv. rectales sup. mediae et inf.)
V. iliaca externa
Origin, position, tributary region
o v. epigastrica inf.
o v. circumflexa ilium prof.
Veins of lower extremity
Profound and superficial system, differences, perforators
Profound veins of LE: vv. digitales, metatarsales, vv. tibiales ant. et post., vv. peroneae, v. poplitea, v.
femoralis (v. profunda femoris, vv. perforantes, v. circumflexa femoris medialis et lateralis)
Superficial veins of LE: rete venosum dorsale pedis, rete venosum plantare pedis, vv. intercapitulares,
v. saphena parva (v. femoropoplitea), v. saphena magna (v. saphena accessoria, epigastrica superficialis,
circumflexa ilium superficialis, vv. pudendae externae)
Outflow of blood from vertebrae
o plexus venosi vertebrales int.
o plexus venosi vertebrales ext.
Position, course of blood flow
V. portae
Origin, position, tributary region
o v. mesenterica sup.: head of pancreas, duodenum, stomach, small intestine, oral part od large
intestine
o v. lienalis: body and tail of pancreas, stomach, spleen
 v. mesenterica inf. (aboral part of large intestine)
o vv. cysticae
Portocaval anastomoses and their importance
1. connections between vv. oesophageae (inflow to v. cava sup.) and vv. gastricae (inflow to v.
portae)
2. cpnnections around umbilicus: vv. paraumbilicales in lig. teres hepatis directs blood to
umbilicus („caput Medusae“). Outflow to v. cava sup.: through v. thoracoepigastrica and v.
epigastrica sup. Outflow to v. cava inf.: through v. epigastrica superficialis a v. epigastrica inf.
3. connections around rectum: v. rectalis sup. (inflow to v. portae); v. rectalis media a inf. (inflow
to v. cava inf.)
Cavocaval anastomoses
V. azygos, position, tributary region
o vv. lumbales
o vv. intercostales post.
o v. hemiazygos (v. hemiazygos accessoria)
o vv. phrenicae sup.
o veins for organs of mediastinum (vv. esophageae, bronchiales, pericardiacae)
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Fetal blood circulation
Oxygenated blood from placenta: umbilical cord, v. umbilicalis, v. cava inf. (through ductus venosus or
v. portae), atrium dx., foramen ovale, atrium sin., ventriculus sin., branches of arcus aortae
Deoxygenated blood from featus:
o v. cava sup., atrium dx., ventriculus dx., truncus pulmonalis, ductus arteriosus, aorta descendes
o aa. iliacae internae:
 v. cava inf., atrium dx....
 pupeční provazec, placenta
Condition after birth and interruption of umbilical cord:
V. umbilicalis = lig.teres hepatis, ductus venosus = lig. venosum, aa. umbilicales = ligg.umbilicalia
medialia ( + non-obliterated aa.vesicales sup.), foramen ovale = septum secundum (fossa ovalis), ductus
arteriosus = lig. arteriosum.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Overview
o Lymph (lympha)
o lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica), lymphatic stems (truncus lymphaticus dx., ductus
thoracicus),
o Lymphatic folicles, lymphatic nodes (nodi lymphatici), tonsiles (tonsilae), spleen (lien), thymus
(thymus)
Function of lymphatic system
X-ray exam.: lymphography
Lymph
Formation, amount, qualities, daily production, circulation
Lymphatic vessels
profound and superficial; structure; valves; tissues without lymphatic vessels
Trunci lymphatici
o Ductus thoracicus: drained region, lenght, place of formation, parts (truncus lumbalis dx. et
sin., truncus intestinalis; cisterna chyli). Pars: abdominalis, thoracica, cervicalis. Inflows:
truncus jugularis sin., truncus subclavius sin., truncus bronchomediastinalis sin.
o Ductus lymphaticus dexter: drained region, place of formation, parts (truncus jugularis dx.,
truncus subclavius dx., truncus bronchomediastinalis dx.)
Lymphatic folicles
Localization, function
Tonsillae
Localization, function. Tonsilla: palatina, tubaria, lingualis, pharyngea, abdominalis
Nodi lymphatici
Shape, size, color, function (filtration, imunobiological), regional lymph nodes.
Structure: capsula, trabeculae, cortex, medulla, sinuses, vasa afferentia, vas efferens, hilus
In each group of lymph nodes is necessary to know: tributery region (drained region) and outflow
to more distant lymph nodes!
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Lymph nodes of head
Nodi lymphatici: occipitales, retroauriculares, parotidei, submandibulares, submentales, retropharyngei.
More forwarded lymph nodes (nll. faciales).
Lymph nodes of neck
Nodi lymphatici cervicales superficiales: localization, concomitant veins
Nodi lymphatici cervicales profundi: localization, concomitant structures. Nodus jugulodigastricus,
juguloomohyoideus, tonsillaris (lymph node of Wood)
Lymph nodes and vessels of upper extremity
Superficial lymph vessels: lateral, medial and anterior collectors
Profound vessels
Nodi lymphatici:
o cubitales: superficiales et profundi
o axillares: laterales, subscapulares, pectorales, interpectorales, centrales, apicales
(infraclaviculares)
Lymph nodes of thorax
Visceral – nodi lymphatici: pulmonales, bronchopulmonales, bronchiales, tracheobronchiales,
paratracheales, mediastinales ant. et post.
Parietal – nodi lymphatici: phrenici sup., parasternales, intercostales
Lymph nodes of abdomen and pelvis
o Nodi lymphatici coeliaci (stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, small and large intestine)
→ truncus instestinalis
o Nodi lymphatici:
 iliaci externi
 iliaci interni (paravesicales, paravaginales, parauterini, pararectales)
 iliaci communes
 lumbales
 sacrales → trunci lumbales
Lymph nodes and vessels of lower extremity
Superficial vessels (lateral, medial and posterior collectors)
Profound vessels
Nodi lymphatici:
o poplitei superficialis et profundi
o inguinales superficiales et profundi
Lien
Position, shape, size, function
Margo: superius et inferius
Facies: diaphragmatica et visceralis
Extremitas: ant. et post.
Hilus lienis
Structure: tunica fibrosa, trabeculae lienis, pulpa lienis alba et rubra.
Blood supply: a. et v. lienalis
Thymus
Size, color, position, function, involution
Lobus: dexter et sinister
Structure: capsula thymi, septa, lobuli, cortex, medulla thymi, reticulum thymi
Blood supply: branches of a. subclavia, inflow to vv. brachiocephalicae
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URINARY SYSTEM
Overview
o Kidney (ren)
o Excretory urinary pathway: renal calyxes (calices renales), pelvis of kidney (pelvis
renalis), ureter, urinary bladder (vesica urinaria), urethra
REN
Position, shape, size, color, function. Basic topographical relations.
Facies: anterior et posterior
Extremitas: superior et inferior
Margo: lateralis et medialis (hilum renale, sinus renalis)
Coverings of kidney: fascia renalis (lamina praerenalis et retrorenalis, capsula adiposa), corpus
adiposum pararenale
Structure of kidney:
capsula fibrosa
cortex renalis: columnae renales, pars radiata corticis
medulla renalis: pyramides renales, papillae renales, foramina papillaria (area cribrosa)
Lobi renales
Blood supply: arteria renalis (rr. prepelvici et r. retropelvicus) → aa. lobares → aa. interlobares
→ arcuatae: rr. capsulares (surface of kidney), aa. rectae (medulla), aa. interlobulares (cortex):
vas afferens-vas efferens, peritubular plexuses→ aa. rectae (medulla).
Aa. renales accessoriae
Nefron (location, count, function)
o Malpighian corpuscle= glomerulus + capsula glomeruli
o tubuli: proximalis → Loop of Henle → distalis (→ colligentes → ductus papillaris)
Production of urine (anatomical background):
o inner layer of capsula glomeruli - glomelural filtration (primary urine 180 l)
o peritubular plexuses - tubular resorption and secretion (secondary urine1,5 l)
CALICES RENALES, PELVIS RENALIS
Calices renales minores et majores: position, count, structure
Pelvis renalis: position, shape capacity, type
URETER
Position, lenght, function
Parts: pars abdominalis, pelvina et intramuralis (ostium ureteris)
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Physiological constrictions of ureter: exit from pelvis renalis, crossing with vasa iliaca, pars
intramuralis
Structure of wall: tunica mucosa (type of epithelium, folds)
tunica muscularis (layers)
adventicia
X-ray examination: ascending pyelography; IVU-intravenous urography
VESICA URINARIA
Postion, basic topographic relations (ligg. pubovesicalia, ligg. puboprostatica (♀); ligg.
vesicouterina (♂). Fascia vesicoumbilicalis (lig. umbilicale medianum, ligg. umbilicalia
medialia). Excavatio: rectovesicalis (♀); vesicouterinum (♂)
Shape, function, capacity
Parts: fundus (cervix), corpus, apex
Walls: ventrocaudal, dorsocranial (facies intestinalis).
Structure:
tunica mucosa: type of epithelium, folds. Trigonum vesicae: ostia ureterum, plica
interureterica, fossa retrotrigonalis, ostium urethrae internum, uvula vesicae; m. trigonalis
tela submucosa
tunica muscularis (layers; m. sphincter vesicae, vagina ureterica)
adventitia (cranially serous membrane). Paracystium
X-ray exam.: cystography
URETHRA FEMININA
Position, basic topographic relations, lenght, function
Beginning: ostium urethrae internum; opening: ostium urethrae externum (papilla urethralis)
Parts: pars intramuralis, pelvina, diaphragmatica (m. sphincter urethrae), perinealis
Structure:
tunica mucosa. crista urethralis, lacunae urethrales, glandulae urethrales, ductus
paraurethrales
tela submucosa
tunica muscularis: m. sphincter urethrae internus et externus
adventitia
GLANDULAE SUPRARENALES
Position, shape, color, function
Facies: anterior (hilus, v. suprarenalis), posterior et inferior (renalis)
Structure: cortex, medulla
FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Overview:
o External female genital organs: mons pubis, labia majora et minora pudendi, clitoris,
bulbi vestibuli, glandullae bulbourethrales majores et minores, vestibulum vaginae
20
o Internal female genital organs: ovarium, Fallopian tube (tuba uterina), uterus (hystera,
metra), vagina (kolpos)
MONS PUBIS
Position, shape
Structure: skin (hair - pubes), adipose tissue
LABIA MAJORA PUDENDI
Position, lenght
Commissura labiorum ant. et post. Rima pudendi
Structure: skin
adipose tissue
LABIA MINORA PUDENDI
Position, size
Praeputium clitoridis (glandulae preputiales, smegma), frenulum clitoridis
Structure: skin
fibrous tissue + venous plexuses
VESTIBULUM VAGINAE
Position
Papilla urethralis, ostium urethrae externum
Ostium vaginae (hymen, carunculae hymenales)
Glandulae vestibulares minores (position, size, function)
CLITORIS
Position, lenght
Parts: crura (m. ischiocavernosus), corpus, glans
Corpora cavernosa clitoridis (fascia clitoridis)
Ligamentum suspensorium et fundiforme clitoridis
BULBUS VESTIBULI
Position, size, shape, function. M. bulbospongiosus
Structure: fibrous capsule
venous plexuses, fibrous tissue, smooth muscles
GLANDULAE VESTIBULARES MAJORES
Position, size, function
OVARIUM
Position, size, shape, function.
Facies: medialis et lateralis
21
Margo anterior, mesovaricus (mesovarium, hilus ovarii) et margo posterior, liber
Extremitas: tubaria (lig. suspensorium ovarii) et uterina (lig. ovarii proprium)
Structure: tunica albuginea; cortex ovarii (primary, secondary folicles, folicle of Graaf);
medulla ovarii
Descensus ovarii
TUBA UTERINA (SALPINX)
Position, lenght, course, function.
Beginnig: ostium abdominale tubae uterinae. End: ostium uterinum tubae uterinae.
Parts: infundibulum (fimbriae tubae, fimbria ovarica), ampulla, isthmus, pars uterina
Mesosalpinx
Structure: tunica mucosa (plicae tubariae), muscularis et serosa
UTERUS (METRA, HYSTERA)
Position, shape, function, posture (anteversion, anteflexion).
Parts: corpus uteri (fundus, cornua), isthmus uteri, cervix uteri (portio supravaginalis, portio
vaginalis – fornix vaginae)
Walls: facies: vesicalis et intestinalis
Margo: dexter et sinister
Cavities: cavitas uteri, canalis isthmi, canalis cervicis (plicae palmatae). Ostium internum
canalis cervicis; ostium externum canalis cervicis
Structure:
tunica mucosa (endometrium: zona functionalis et basalis; glandulae uterinae, glandulae
cervicales)
tunica muscularis (myometrium)
serous membrane (perimetrium, lig. latum uteri)
Parametrium – ligamentum: cardinale uteri, rectouterinum, sacrouterinum, pubovesicale, teres
uteri)
X-ray exam.: hysterosalpingography
VAGINA (KOLPOS)
Position, lenght, function.
Entrance: ostium vaginae
Paries: anterior et posterior
Structure:
tunica mucosa (rugae vaginales - columna rugarum ant. et post.; carina urethralis vaginae)
tunica muscularis
adventitia
MALE GENITAL SYSTEM
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Overview:
o External male genital organs: scrotum, penis
o Internal male genital organs: testis, epididymis, sperm duct (ductus defferens), funiculus
spermaticus, seminal vesicles (vesiculae seminales), prostate (prostata), glandulae
bulbourethrales
SCROTUM
Position, shape, function
Septum scroti, cavitas scroti
Structure:
skin (raphe scroti, tunica dartos)
fascia spermatica ext. (continuation of fascia abdominalis superficialis)
m. cremaster + fascia cremasterica (from m. obliquus internus and m. transversus
abdominis)
fascia spermatica int. (from fascia transversalis)
lamina parietalis tunicae vaginalis testis
PENIS
Position, lenght, function.
Suspensory apparatus: ligamentum fundiforme et suspensorium penis
Parts: radix, corpus, glans penis (collum glandis, corona glandis)
Facies: dorsalis et urethralis (raphe penis)
Structure:
skin (preputium, frenulum preputii, glandullae preputiales, smegma preputii, tunica dartos)
fascia penis superficialis et profunda
corpus cavernosum: crura (m. ischiocavernosus, septum penis); corpus spongiosum:
bulbus (m. bulbospongiosus), corpus, glans (ostium urethrae externum)
Structure of cavernous bodies: tunica albuginea → trabeculae, cavernae.
Erection. Blood supply: a. et v. penis (bulbi penis, urethralis, dorsalis penis, profunda penis –
aa. helicinae /vv. cavernosae
URETHRA MASCULINA
Position, lenght, function
Beginning: ostium urethrae int.
Opening: ostium urethrae ext.
Parts:
pars intramuralis (m. sphincter vesicae)
pars prostatica (crista urethralis, colliculus seminalis, ductuli prostatici, ductuli ejaculatorii)
pars membranacea (m. sphincter urethrae ext.)
pars spongiosa (glandulae bulbourethrales, fossa navicularis, valvula fossae navicularis,
recessus fossae navicularis)
Curves: curvatura subpubica et prepubica
Structure: tunica mucosa (glandulae urethrales, lacunae urethrales, ductus paraurethrales)
tela submucosa
23
tunica muscularis (layers)
TESTIS
Position, shape, size, function (sperms, testosteron!)
Facies: lateralis et medialis
Extremitas: superior et inferior
Margins: margo anterior et posterior (hilum testis)
Structure: lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis testis
tunica albuginea: mediastinum testis → septula testis → lobuli testis (tubuli
seminiferi contorti → tubuli seminiferi recti → rete testis → ductuli efferentes
testis)
EPIDIDYMIS
Position (sinus epididymidis, lig. epididymidis sup. et inf.), shape, function
Outer description: caput, corpus, cauda, ductur deferens
Structure: lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis testis
fibrous covering: lobuli epididymidis, tubuli epididymidis, ductus
epididymidis, ductus deferens
Descent of testes and epididymides
Processus vaginalis peritonei (lamina parietalis, et visceralis) → lig. vaginale; cavum serosum
scroti; gubernaculum testis → lig. scrotale
Reason of descent; retention, ectopy
DUCTUS DEFERENS
Position, lenght, function
Course: pars epididymica, inguinalis et pelvina
Parts: ductus deferens, ampulla ductus deferentis + ductus excretorius → ductus ejaculatorius
Structure:
tunica mucosa (folds, diverticles)
tunica muscularis (layers)
adventitia
FUNICULUS SPERMATICUS
Course, function
Components:
ductus deferens
a. ductus deferentis (+ plexus deferentialis)
a. testicularis (+ plexus testicularis)
plexus pampiniformis
lymphatic vessels
fibrous tissue
Coverings: m. cremaster, fascia spermatica ext. et int.
VESICULAE SEMINALES
24
Position, size, shape, function.
Parts: corpus, ductus excretorius
Structure: tubulus: tunica mucosa (folds), muscular layer (layers) et adventitia
Possobilities of examination - ultrasound (transrectal)
PROSTATA
Position, shape, size, function
Parts: basis prostatae, apex prostatae.
Facies: anterior, posterior, laterales
Lobus: anterior (isthmus), medius, dexter, sinister, posterior.
Zones: periurethral, internal, external
Structure:
capsula periprostatica
capsula propria
glandullae prostaticae → ductuli prostatici
fibrous tissue, muscles
GLANDULAE BULBOURETHRALES
Position, count, size, function
Ductus glandulae bulbourethralis
PELVIC FLOOR
Diaphragma pelvis
M. levator ani: pars iliaca (arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani), pars pubica.
M. coccygeus
Hiatus urogenitalis
Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior
Diaphragma urogenitale (deep perineal pouch)
M. transversus perinei profundus (m. sphincter urethrae), (m. compressor urethrae, m.
ureethrovaginalis only ♀); ligamentum transversum perinei
M. transversus perionei superficialis (only ♀)
Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (perineal membrane)
Mm. perinei (superficial perineal pouch)
M. ischiocavernosus, (function); m. bulbospongiosus (function)
M. sphincter ani externus
Fascia perinei superficialis
Fasciae pelvis
Fascia pelvis parietalis (fascia obturatoria, fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior et inf., fascia
diaphragmatis urogenitalis superior)
Fascia pelvis visceralis