DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I.
•ORAL CAVITY
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT – GIT
(APPARATUS DIGESTORIUS)
Oral cavity (Cavitas oralis)
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach (Ventriculus)
Small intestine (Intestinum tenue)
Large intestine (Intestinum crassum)
Salivary glands (Glandulae salivariae)
Liver (Hepar)
Pancreas
TUNICA MUCOSA
TUNICA SUBMUCOSA
TUNICA MUSCULARIS
TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA SEROSA=visceral peritoneum)
PLICAE
VILLI INTESTINALES
PAPILLAE
FOLLICULI
LYMPHATICI SOLITARII
FOLLICULI LYMPH. AGGREGATI
– PEYER’S PATCHES
PLEXUS SUBMUCOSUS MEISSNERI
PLEXUS MYENTERICUS AUERBACHI
GLANDS OF GIT:
Intramural – goblet cells
- small salivary glands
- glandulae duodenales
Extramural – great salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
CAVUM ORIS
(CAVITAS ORIS)
Rima oris
Isthmus faucium
CAVUM ORIS
- vestibulum oris
- cavum oris proprium
Labium superius
- sulcus nasolabialis
- pars intermedia
- philtrum
- tuberculum labii sup.
- cheiloschisis
- gnathoschisis
- palatoschisis
Labium inferius
- sulcus mentolabialis
Anguli oris
Fornix vestibuli sup.
- frenulum labii superioris
Fornix vestibuli inf.
- frenulum labii inferioris
Papilla parotidea
VESTIBULUM ORIS
BUCCA
Glandulae labiales, buccales
M. orbicularis oris
M. buccinator
Corpus adiposum buccae
RAPHE PTERYGOMANDIBULARIS
CAVUM ORIS PROPRIUM
DIAPHRAGMA ORIS
- m. mylohyoideus
(raphe mylohyoidea)
- m. geniohyoideus
- m. digastricus
GLANDULAE SALIVARIAE MINORES
- labiales, buccales, molares, palatinae, linguales
GLANDULAE SALIVARIAE MAJORES
- submandibularis
- sublingualis
- parotis
TRIGONUM SUBMANDIBULARE
- glandula submandibularis
- nodi lymph. submandibulares
GLANDULA SUBLINGUALIS
Caruncula sublingualis:
- ductus submandibularis
- ductus sublingualis major
Ductuli sublinguales minores
GLANDULA PAROTIS
Fascia parotideomasseterica
Tractus angularis
Ductus parotideus
Glandula parotis
accessoria
PAPILLA PAROTIDEA
N. facialis (CN VII)
- plexus parotideus
V. retromandibularis
A. carotis ext.
SALIVARY GLANDS
PALATUM
Glandulae palatinae
Aa. et vv. palatinae
majores et minores
Nn. palatini
majores et minores
N. napasopalatinus
PALATUM DURUM
Raphe palati
Papilla incisiva
Plicae palatinae transversae
PALATUM MOLLE
(VELUM PALATINUM)
Uvula
Arcus palatoglossus
Arcus palatopharyngeus
Isthmus faucium
TONSILLA PALATINA
Fossa tonsillaris
Plica semilunaris
Fossa supratonsillaris
Plica triangularis
Capsula tonsillaris
Paratonsillar vein
Cryptae tonsillares
Tonsillar pegs
M. levator veli palatini
M. tensor veli palatini
M. uvulae
M. palatopharyngeus
M. palatoglossus
Aponeurosis palatina
Plexus pharyngeus
– CN IX, X
Tensor – CN V
LINGUA – APEX, CORPUS, RADIX
DORSUM LINGUAE
Sulcus terminalis
Sulcus medianus
Foramen caecum
Ductus thyroglossus
Margines linguae
Papillae filiformes
Papillae fungiformes
Papillae foliatae
Papillae vallatae
Tonsilla lingualis
Plica glossoepiglottica mediana
Plicae glossoepiglotticae laterales
Valleculae epiglotticae
Caliculi gustatorii
Facies inferior linguae
Plica fimbriata
Frenulum linguae
Plica sublingualis
M. genioglossus
Aponeurosis linguae
M. hyoglossus
M. styloglossus
M. palatoglossus
Canalis paralingualis – a. et v. lingualis
Septum linguae
M. longitudinalis sup.
M. longitudinalis inf.
M. transversus linguae
M. verticalis linguae
N. lingualis N. hypoglossus (CN XII)
N. glossopharyngeus (CN IX) A. lingualis
DENTES
PERMANENTES
DENTES INCISIVI - 2
DENS CANINUS – 1
DENTES PREMOLARES – 2
DENTES MOLARES – 3
CORONA DENTIS
COLLUM DENTIS
RADIX DENTIS
CORONA:
Facies occlusalis
- tubercula dentalia
Facies approximales
- f. mesialis (prox.)
- f. distalis
Facies vestibularis
- f. labialis
- f. buccalis
Facies oralis
- f. palatina
- f. lingualis
CAVUM DENTIS
CANALIS RADICIS DENTIS
FORAMEN APICIS DENTIS
GOMPHOSIS
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
(P. MEMBRANE;
PARODONTIUM)
Sharpey’s fibers
enamelum
dentinum
cementum
DENTES INCISIVI - 2
DENS CANINUS – 1
DENTES PREMOLARES – 2
DENTES MOLARES – 3
Tuberculum anomale
Carabelli
DENTES INCISIVI - 2
DENS CANINUS – 1
DENTES MOLARES - 2
DENTES DECIDUI
Eruption:
I 6th- 8th month I, II, IV, III, V
II 8th-12th month
III 16th-20th month
IV 12th-16th month
V 20th-36th month
Exchange of the teeth:
1 7th-8th year 6, 1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 7, 8
2 8th-9th year
3 11th-13th year
4 9th-11th year
5 11th-13th year
6 6th-7th year
7 12th-14th year
8 17th-40th year
Alveolar mucosa
Mucogingival border
Gingiva - gingiva fixa (attached g.)
- gingiva libera (marginal g.), gingival sulcus
Paramarginal groove
OCCLUSION (PROGNATHISM, PROGENISM)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II.
pharynx-rectum
PHARYNX
Fornix pharyngis
Cavum pharyngis
CHOANAE
ISTHMUS FAUCIUM
ADITUS LARYNGIS
RECESSUS
PHARYNGEUS
FASCIA
PHARYNGOBASILARIS
(LUSCHKA’S SEMILUNAR
SPACE)
TONSILLA PHARYNGEA
OSTIUM PHARYNGEUM TUBAE AUDITIVAE:
- TORUS TUBARIUS (PLICA SALPINGOPHARYNGEA)
- TORUS LEVATORIUS
- PLICA SALPINGOPALATINA
TONSILLA TUBARIA
NASOPHARYNX:
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX:
-RECESSUS PIRIFORMIS
-PLICA N. LARYNGEI
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS SUP.
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS MEDIUS
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS INF.
- RAPHE PHARYNGIS
- PARS
PTERYGOPHARYNGEA
BUCCOPHARYNGEA
MYLOPHARYNGEA
GLOSSOPHARYNGEA
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS SUP.:
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS MEDIUS:
-PARS
CHONDROPHARYNGEA
CERATOPHARYNGEA
M. CONSTRICTOR
PHARYNGIS INF.:
-PARS THYROPHARYNGEA
CRICOPHARYNGEA
LEVATORS: M. PALATOPHARYNGEUS
M. SALPINGOPHARYNGEUS
M. STYLOPHARYNGEUS
LIG. RETROPHARYNGEUM MEDIANUM
OESOPHAGUS
PARS CERVICALIS
PARS THORACICA
- PARS RETROTRACHEALIS
- PARS RETROPERICARDIACA
PARS ABDOMINALIS
GASTROOESOPHAGEAL
JUNCTION
OESOPHAGOGRAPHY
VENTRICULUS, GASTER
Regio hypochondriaca sin.
Cardia
Fornix (fundus) ventriculi
Incisura cardiaca
Corpus ventriculi
Pars pylorica
Pylorus
Paries anterior
Paries posterior
Curvatura major
Curvatura minor
Incisura angularis
Ostium cardiacum
Fundus ventriculi
Canalis gastricus
Antrum pyloricum
(sinus gastricus)
Canalis pyloricus
Ostium pyloricum
Plicae gastricae
Sulcus salivarius
Glandulae gastricae - mucus
- succus gastricus
Foveolae gastricae
Areae gastricae
Gastrin
Fibrae obliquae
Stratum circulare – m. sphincter pylori
Stratum longitudinale
Omentum
- minus
- majus
Triangle of Labbeé
transpyloric line
Incisura angularis
Pars digestoria
Pars egestoria
Gastroscopy
INTESTINUM TENUE
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
Ansae intestinales
Mesenterium
Plicae circulares Kerkringi
Villi intestinales
Glandulae intestinales – crypts of Lieberkuehn
DUODENUM
- pars superior (bulbus duodeni), flexura duodeni sup
-pars descendens, flexura duodeni inf.
-pars horizontalis
-pars ascendens Flexura
duodenojejunalis
M. suspensorius
duodeni (ligament
of Treitz)
Glandulae
duodenales
Brunneri
Plica longitudinalis duodeni
Papilla duodeni major Vateri - ductus choledochus
- ductus pancreaticus
Papilla duodeni
minor-
ductus
pancreaticus
accessorius
JEJUNUM ILEUM
upper left part of
the inframesocolic
space
lower right part of
the inframesocolic
space
wider (3-4 cm) narrower (2-3 cm)
more plicae
circulares
fewer plicae
circulares
1-2 arcades 2-3 arcades
folliculi lymph.
solitarii
folliculi lymph.
aggregati
A. mesenterica sup.
Ostium ileocaecale
Valva ileocaecalis
-labium superius
-labium inferius
INTESTINUM CRASSUM
-intestinum caecum
-appendix vermiformis
-colon ascendens
-flexura coli dextra (hepatica)
-colon transversum
-flexura coli sinistra (lienalis)
-colon descendens
-colon sigmoideum
-rectum
Plicae semilunares
Haustra coli
Taenia mesocolica
Taenia omentalis
Taenia libera
Appendices epiploicae
INTESTINUM CAECUM
APPENDIX VERMIFORMIS
ostium appendicis vermiformis
valva appendicis vermiformis
Positio pelvina
- lig. appendiculoovaricum
Positio retrocaecalis
Positio ileocaecalis
Positio retroilealis
Positio praecaecalis
Linea spinoumbilicalis dextra
(Monro) - MacBurney’s point
Linea bispinalis – Lanz’s point
Tonsilla abdominalis
COLON ASCENDENS
Flexura coli dextra
(hepatica)
COLON TRANSVERSUM
Flexura coli sinistra
(lienalis)
Mesocolon transversum
Omentum majus
Lig. gastrocolicum
COLON DESCENDENS
COLON SIGMOIDEUM
Mesosigmoideum
Irigography
DCBE
RECTUM
Crena ani – anus
Ampulla recti
- flexura sacralis
- plicae transversae recti
- plica t.r. media (Kohlrausch)
Canalis analis
- flexura perinealis
- linea anorectalis
- columnae anales
- sinus anales
- valvulae anales
- pecten analis
- linea anocutanea
- zona haemorrhoidalis
Plexus venosus rectalis
M. sphincter ani internus
M. sphincter ani externus
Rectoscopy
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III.
Liver, pancreas, spleen,
peritoneum
Liver
Regio hypochondriaca dx. + regio epigastrica
HEPAR
Facies diaphragmatica
- pars superior (area nuda)
- pars anterior
- lig. coronarium
- lig. triangulare dextrum
- lig. triangulare sinistrum
- appendix fibrosa hepatis
- lig. falciforme hepatis
Facies visceralis
Fissura sagittalis sinistra
-lig. teres hepatis
-lig. venosum
Fissura sagittalis dextra
- fossa vesicae biliaris
- sulcus v. cavae inferioris (lig. venae cavae)
Lobus dexter
sinister (tuber omentale)
caudatus
quadratus
Processus
caudatus,
papillaris
Porta hepatis
- vena portae
- a. hepatica propria
- ductus hepaticus
communis
Hepatic segments
II
III
IVa
IVbV
VI
VII
VIII
Capsula fibrosa – capsula fibrosa perivascularis
- v. interlobularis, a. interlobularis, ductus interobularis
sinusoids v. centralis
Lobulus venae centralis
V. PORTAE (v. mesenterica sup. + v. lienalis)
A. HEPATICA PROPRIA
- ramus dexter et sinister........... aa. et vv. interlobulares,
aa. et vv. circumlobulares sinusoids v. centralis
vv. sublobulares vv. hepaticae
Canaliculus bilifer – ductus bilifer intralobularis
– ductulus bilifer - ductus bilifer interlobularis
– collecting ducts ductus hepaticus dexter
et sinister – ductus hepaticus communis
+ ductus cysticus = ductus choledochus
Plica longitudinalis duodeni
Ampulla hepatopancreatica
M. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae (Oddi)
Papilla duodeni major (Vater)
Vesica biliaris (fellea)
- fundus, corpus, collum
- plica spiralis
Impressio renalis. suprarenalis, duodeni, colica
Impressio oesophagea, gastrica
PANCREAS
caput, corpus, cauda membrana retropancreatica (Treitz)
incisura pancreatis tuber omentale
processus uncinatus
facies anterior
facies posterior
margo superior
margo inferior
Exocrine panxcreas: Endocrine pancreas:
capsula pancreatis islets of Langerhans
succus pancreaticus insulin, glucagon
ductus pancreaticus
ductus pancreaticus accessorius
m. sphincter ampullae hepatopancreatice
m. sphincter ductus choledochi
m. sphincter ductus pancreatici
Umbilico-axillary line
- point of Desjardin
ERCP – endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
LIEN, SPLEEN
- extremitas anterior
- extremitas posterior
- margo superior – crenae lienis
- margo inferior
- facies diaphragmatica
- facies visceralis – hilum lienis
- capsula lienis
- pulpa rubra
- pulpa alba
White pulp, red pulp
Costoarticular line
ascites
CAVITAS ABDOMINALIS
P – cavitas peritonealis
A – spatium preperitoneale
R – spatium retroperitoneale
S – spatium subperitoneale
(infraperitoneale)
S
Cavitas peritonealis - pars supramesocolica, inframesocolica
Pars supramesocolica
Truncus coeliacus
Pars inframesocolica
A. mesenterica superior
Pars inframesocolica
A. mesenterica inferior
Omentum minus - lig. hepatogastricum
- lig. hepatoduodenale - a. hepatica propria
- v. portae
- ductus hepaticus
comm.
Omentum majus
- lig. gastrocolicum
Lig. gastrosplenicum, phrenicosplenicum, splenorenale
Mesenterium – radix mesenterii
Mesocolon transversum, mesoappendix, mesocolon
sigmoideum, lig. phrenicocolicum
Bursa omentalis
Internal hernias
Bursa omentalis
Foramen epiploicum/omentale (Winslow)
Recessus sup., splenicus, inf.
Recessus inferior bursae omentalis
Recessus duodenalis
sup., inf., sinister,
retroduodenalis
Recessus intersigmoideus
Ductus omphaloentericus
Ileal diverticulum (Meckel)
Mesenterium dorsale
Septum transversum
Mesogastrium ventrale
Development of the peritoneum
1. peritoneum parietale
2. mesogastrium dorsale
3. anlage of the stomach
4. anlage of the duodenum
5. mesenterium
6. hindgut
7. mesogastrium ventrale
8. liver
9. mesogastrium ventrale
10.peritoneum parietale
11.ductus omphaloentericus
12.umbilicus
13.connecting stalk
14.allantois
15.hindgut
Development of the peritoneum
16.anlage of the bursa
omentalis
17.spleen in the mesogastrium
dorsale
18.anlage of the pancreas
19.anlage of the caecum
20.anlage of the intestinum tenue
21.umbilicus
Development of the peritoneum
2’. lig. phrenicolienale
2’’. lig. gastrolienale
5’. mesenterium
5’’. mesocolon
6’. anlage of the large intestine
22. omentum majus
Development of the peritoneum
23. mesocolon transversum
24. mesentery of the colon
descendens
25. mesocolon sigmoideum
26. mesentery of the colon
ascendens
27. omentum majus
Illustrations 34, 43,45,47-49 were copied from:
Čihák R: Anatomie 2 (Splanchnologia). Avicenum,
zdravotnické nakladatelství, Praha, 1988.
Remaining illustrations, photographs, and radiographs were
copied from:
Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta.
Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:
Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993