SKIN – INTEGUMENT (INTEGUMENTUM COMMUNE, CUTIS) skin accessory skin organs INTEGUMENT Keratinized skin derivatives – hair, nail Skin glands – * Mammary gland * small ecrine * apocrine (axilla, ciliary, nasal, circumanales….) sebaceous sweat SKIN - INTEGUMENT Functions: • Protection (Barrier against biological, physical, chemical agents) • Homeostatic (maintain constant body temperature in warm-blooded animals, prevents water loss and thermoregulation) • Metabolic - skin respiration, the sweat, sebaceous glands, storage Secretory (Seat of other glands - poison, wax, warping, lubricants for hair, pheromones, bearer of individual color – pigments, converts precursor molecules to vitamin D Excretory (sweat) • Movement - cilia, flagella, mucus glands • Sensory (touch, pain and pleasure, seat of sensory organs, communication, emotional states, state of age, health, pathological)  largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet.  emotional states, state of health, age, pathological states (cyanosis, rash) SKIN HEAVY: 4.5 kg Structure of the skin • The epidermis • The dermis Epidermis the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone, 5 layers The average thickness of 0.1 mm Formed multilayered squamous keratinised epithelium It contains keratin - a protein that is contained in the horny cells Melanin - dark pigment which is produced by melanocytes that are in the deeper layers - absorbs the ultraviolet component of solar radiation Keratinization – cells die and produce outer layer that resists abrasion and forms permeability layer EPIDERMIS (0.03 – 0.1 mm) Str. basale Str. spinosum Str. granulosum Str. lucidum Str. corneum Keratinocytes Keratin 4 weeks SKIN´s COLOR Melanocytes - melanosomes - melanin Melanocyte stimulating hormone The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. 7-dehydrocholesterole  vitamin D3 (cholecalciferole) Melanocytic naevi (moles) Melanoma Albinism color variation in living organisms caused by impaired formation of melanin pigment is a type of lesion that contains nevus cell (a type of melanocyte) • beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands • fibrous layer • Strong 0.5 to 2.5 mm • The undulating papillary layer (dermal papillae) arches against the skin • 2 layers: superficial – underneath epidermis – loose conective tissue • deeper – dense connective tissue, stretch marks (striae) • Contains receptors sensitive to changes in pressure, temperature, cold and pain: - Ruffini bodies - the heat - Krause bodies - cold - Vater - Pacciniho bodies - feeling - Free nerve endings – pain • Connective cells and elastic fibers - provide flexibility, stretchability and strength, • makes the direction of the digestibility of the skin (important during operations) • Skin bar - on the balls of your fingers - it creates a characteristic drawing - dactyloscopy Contains glands - sebaceous and sweat • It contains hair follicles Dermis (corium) stratum reticulare stratum papillare creases fine furrows tactile strips Skin relief * Skin furrows * ridges Linea vitalis Linea cephalica Whorl Loop Arch Lines and grooves Sweat pore Tactile strips PAPILLARY RIDGES Eminentia thenaris Eminentia hypothenaris Imprint of a right hand Toruli tactiles The basis of fingerprint identification is the premise that the configurations formed by the raised ridges of the palmar surface of the hands are unique and do not undergo any natural changes, except growth, from fetal life under decomposition. Dermatoglyphics Hypodermis (deeper subcutaneous tissue) • Subcutaneous adipose tissue: Loose connective tissue rich in fat cells • Skin rests on this, but not a part! • Also called: • Subcutaneous tissue • Superficial fascia The strongest on the abdomen, buttocks and thighs Method of influencing the distribution of sex hormones SKIN AGING Accessory skin organs • Horny skin derivatives - hair, nails and hair Skin glands - sebaceous and sweat Hair • They develope from the hair follicle • to the hair vagina opens sebaceous gland • Erector hair - smooth muscle – goose skin • Hair found everywhere in the body except: palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia and distal segments of fingers and toes Hairless (glabrous) hairy (hirsute) PILUS 60 – 600/cm2 Scapus pili Radix pili Folliculus pili Bulbus pili Papilla pili Medulla pili Cortex pili Cuticula pili Hair: follicle (hair bulb), root, shaft * Primary hair (lanugo, Flumina pilorum Vortices pilorum Hypertrichosis lanuginosa) * Secondary hair (hairs all over the body, hair, eyelashes, eyebrows) Pili, Capilli, Cilia, Supercilium * Tertiary hair It grows in maturity under the influence of sex hormones: total - hair all over the body local - hirci - armpits, pubes - pubic landscape, beard -barbae, tragi - hairs at the entrance to the external auditory canal vibrisae - hairs at the entrance to the nose Sinus hairs TYPES OF HAIR Maximum development 7. to 8. month i. u. , before the birth fading into the amniotic fluid, the fetus partially swallows and it arises from his in first stool (meconium) Primary hair – lanugo Flumina pilorum Vortices pilorum Hirsutism Hypertrichosis vera Nail - UNGUIS • It grows from the nail bed • Overlaps the end phalanges phalanx dist. corpus unguis radix unguis vallum unguis eponychium matrix unguis germinativa hyponychium * * lectulus unguis UNGUIS (ONYX) 0.5 – 1 mm lunula unguis Oil/sebaceous glands • Alveolar glands near the hair follicles • Composition of sebum – fatty substances, proteins and salts • Function of sebum – softens the skin and protects it from getting soaked Sebum Meibomian glands Holocrine type of gland Comedo – acne Sweat glands • Thin blobby glands in the dermis • Opens with separate ducts to the skin surface • Maximum- forehead, palms and soles • Composition of sweat - water, fatty acids and some organic substances (urea) and minerals • The function of sweat - protection against microbes, heat regulation • GLANDULAE SUDORIFERAE • Eccrine – sudor - pH 5.5 – 6 • Apocrine glands – scent glands • - gll. s. axillares • - gll. circumanales • - gll. ceruminosae – cerumen • - gll. s. nasales • - gll. ciliares (Moll) • - gll. areolares • - gl. mammae Mammary gland • Based in both sexes • At puberty, the influence of sex hormones creates only in women • Paired gland • Stored in fat breast – mamma • It contains 15 to 20 lobes • Glandular outlets are gradually combined to galactophore • Teat - papilla mammae - common outcome galactophore • The shape and size of the breast depends on the size of the gland, fat tissue and the age and number of pregnancies • Fully developed function of the mammary gland is at the end of pregnancy and during lactation http://medicalterms.info/anatomy/Mammary-Glands/ Milk stripe During axilloinguinal lines Various localization in different groups of mammals; Polythelia = supernumerary areola Polymastie = supernumerary mammary gland in humans Developmental stages and types of mammary gland Mamma disciformis Mamma sphaeroidea Mamma piriformis Mamma pendula Infantile mamma Mamma areolata Mamma papillata MAMMA FEMININA Areola mammae Glandulae areolares (Montgomery) Papilla mammae Area cribriformis papillae Ductus lactiferi Fascia pectoralis spf. Tela adiposa premammaria Tela adiposa retromammaria Lig. suspensorium Cooperi – retinacula cutis GLANDULA MAMMARIA Processus axillaris Colostrum 15 – 20 lobi mammae – lobuli mammae – alveoli Lactation Ductus lactifer Prolactin ARTERIES: A. thoracica int. – rr. perforantes A. thoracica lat. Aa. Intercostales VEINS: Circulus venosus Halleri - v. thoracica int., lat., - vv. intercostales NERVES: Nn. intercostales Nn. supraclaviculares Lymphatic drainage of the breast - nll. axillares - nll. parasternales - nll. supraclaviculares - nll. intercostales - nll. mediastinales ant. MAMMOGRAPHY