Unit 1 Genitourinary system Task 1 Describe the urinary system using the expressions below: urinary bladder ureter urethra sphincter kidneys nephrons Task 2 Urinary system – Patients and their symptoms Match the patients´ description of their symptoms (1-7) with the medical terms (a-g). 1. ´I have to pee every half hour or so.´ 2. ´I get a scalding pain when I pass the water.´ 3. ´I have to get up several times to pass water at night.´ 4. ´I have to rush to go to the toilet.´ 5. ´I have trouble getting started.´ 6. ´I can´t hold my water.´ 7. ´I passed some blood in my urine.´ a) dysuria b) frequency c) haematuria d) hesitancy e) nocturia f) urgency g) incontinence Task 3 Complete the gaps with suitable expressions. Each of us begins our individual life as a fertilized egg or (1) …………. . Via the reproductive organs the female produces an egg cell—also called an ovum or (2) ………… , and the male produces the fertilizing seed cell—also called a (3) ……………… or sporophyte. When they fuse into one cell all of the necessary means and information required for the growth of a mature man or woman are present, and with the proper nutrition and care we are the result. Our reproductive system is unique. Unlike other organ systems—the circulatory and digestive systems for example—the reproductive system is largely inactive until (4) ………….., and is also the only organ system that is (5) ……………… in the male and female. Although the objective for both male and female reproduction is to create a new individual, the means by which this is accomplished, as well as the (6) …………… , varies significantly between the two sexes. Task 4 What parts of the reproductive system are described below? THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (1) ……………….. consists of a long shaft and enlarged tip. The urethra passes through and opens to the outside. The main functions are urination and sexual behaviour. (2) ……………….. or scrotal sac, is an external bag of skin and muscle. The function appears to be to keep the testes at a temperature slightly lower than that of the rest of the body, as this is the ideal temperature for sperm growth. An average male possesses two (3) …………………, or (4) …………….., They begin their development in the abdominal cavity but descend into the scrotum during the last 2 months of foetal development. THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The external genital organs of the female collectively are called the (1) ……………. . They consist of the labia majora and labia minora, clitoris, opening of the urethra and the opening of the vagina. The main functions are urination, sexual behaviour, menstruation, and childbirth. The (2)……………………. is a muscular tube leading from outside of the body in, towards the uterus. This is where semen from the male is deposited into the woman's body during sexual intercourse. The (3) ……………… joins with the vagina. Approximately half of it is visible; the other half extends above the vagina beyond view. The (4) ………………., also called the womb, is the major female reproductive organ. It opens into the vagina via the cervix at one end, and the other end leads to the fallopian tubes. Layers of smooth muscle called myometrium make up the structure of the uterus. The function of the uterus in reproduction is to accept a fertilized egg, or ovum, which becomes implanted in the uterine lining, or endometrium. The (5) ……………….. connect the uterus to the ovaries where eggs, or ova, are produced. The ovaries also produce powerful hormones — principally estrogen and progesterone—which play an important role in the reproductive cycle. (http://ww3.medcomrn.com/cgi-bin/preview/edu/qpage0?9HBG4JRG;VID78720-TS04;563) Task 5 How would you describe the organs of the reproductive system and their function to a young child? Prepare a short talk. Task 6 Listening - UTIs (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lY2bZjggc08) What are UTIs? Discuss in pairs. Watch a video on UTIs and take notes to answer the questions below: 1. What are UTIs? ……………………………………………………………………………….. 2. What are the symptoms of urethritis? ………………………………………………………………………………. 3. What are the symptoms of cystitis? ………………………………………………………………………………. 4. What are the symptoms of kidney infection? ……………………………………………………………………………….. 5. When do UTIs typically occur? ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6. Why are UTIs more common in women than men? ………………………………………………………………………………. 7. How are UTIs treated? ………………………………………………………………………………. 8. What will happen if the infection is left untreated? ………………………………………………………………………………. 9. How can UTIs be prevented? ………………………………………………………………………………. Task 7 Word formation GENITO-URINARY – SYSTEM 1 These hormones cause full ____________________ of ____________________ ____________________ characteristics.(DEVELOP, SECOND, SEX) 2 Male and female ____________________ systems are different. (REPRODUCE) 3 It is an important ____________________ process. (BIOLOGY) 4 Proper functioning of the system is important for proper ____________________ of the entire organism. (GROW) 5 Menstruation is suppressed during ___________________ . (PREGNANT) 6 The sex of a child is determined during ____________________ . (FERTILIZE) GENITO-URINARY PATHOLOGIES 1 There is a number of ___________________ that can affect the urinary system or its parts. (ORDER) 2 Acute kidney ___________________ is a temporary condition. (FAIL) 3 Chronic kidney disease is ___________________ , i.e. cannot be cured. (REVERSE) 4 Dialysis is a specific type of medical ___________________ . (TREAT) 5 Many ___________________ have been made to the kidney dialysis machine since it was first created.(IMPROVE) 6 Kidney stones are solid ___________________ of material that forms in kidneys. (ACCUMULATE) 7 Painful ___________________ is a symptom of a kidney problem. (URINE) 8 Kidney stones may be removed ___________________ . (SURGERY) 9 Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are ___________________ of the urinary tract. (INFLAME) 10 Symptoms include pain or a burning ___________________ when urinating. (SENSE) 11 If severe, the condition requires short-term ___________________ . (HOSPITAL) 12 The possible ___________________ of kidney function may result from the condition. (LOSE) 13 A woman suffering from a sexually transmitted disease has abnormal ___________________ discharge. (VAGINA) 14 Syphilis is an ___________________ disease. (INFECTION) 15 Hysterectomy is the surgical ___________________ of the uterus. (REMOVE) 16 ___________________ cancer occurs in women who are sixty-five or older more often then in younger women. (OVARY) Pregnancy Task 8 Speaking Discuss the following statements. Do you agree, disagree or agree up to a point? A) Pregnant woman should give up work at least 2 months before the baby is due. B) The best age to have children is 20-25. C) Schools should teach baby care. D) There should be an age limit for fertility treatment. Task 9 Vocabulary a) Work in pairs. Find the following features in the pictures: Amniotic fluid Cell division Embryo Fertilisation Foetus Ovum Amniotic sac Sperm Umbilical cord Cervix b) Describe what is happening in each picture. c) Match the definitions with one of the terms from a) - the “bag of waters“ - the product of conception from the end of the eighth week to the moment of birth - serves as a cushion against injury, helps maintain a constant body temperature for the foetus - the developing organism from the fourth day after fertilisation to the end of the eighth week - the structure that connects the foetus and placenta supplying nourishment and oxygen, soon after birth it is clamped or tied and cut d) Discuss at what stages of pregnancy you think the following events happen. For each one, choose a number of weeks from those below. Number of weeks: 3 7 12 18 22 34 1. The lowest number of weeks at which a premature baby can survive. 2. The foetus´s fine covering of hair, called lanugo, begins to disappear. 3. Arm buds and a tail are visible. 4. The embryo measures 30 mm in length. 5. Male and female genitals appear well differentiated. 6. The foetal heartbeat can be heard with a stethoscope. Task 10 Put the following in the most logical order. 1. She gave birth to a beautiful baby girl. 2. She got pregnant. 3. She was rushed to the maternity ward. 4. She went into labour. 5. She had a scan to see if the baby was ok. 6. She was in labour for eight hours. Task 11 Read Marie´s birth story. What complication was there with her birth? We started trying for / making a baby three years ago. When I didn´t get / go pregnant after two years, we made / had tests, which showed that my husband had a low sperm count. We had IVF, and six weeks later I found I was waiting for / expecting a baby. I was nervous when I had / did my scan at twelve weeks, but everything was fine. My waters broke in the middle of the night and I went into / entered labour a couple of hours later. The midwife made / did a vaginal examination and found that the baby was breech. I´d thought about a home birth, but was now glad I was having / giving birth in hospital. As it turned out, though, the medical team weren´t needed. The midwife made / put a small cut and I managed to push out / remove the baby´s legs and torso fairly easily – it was a girl! Then I made / gave a big push and the head came out. Lilia gave birth / was born at 6:28 p.m. I was sobbing as the midwife handed / delivered her to me. (adapted from Grice, T. & Greenan, J. Nursing 2. OUP, 2008)