The arteries •Tunica intima • •Tunica media •Tunica externa •The artery: the structure of the wall • the valves •The artery •The vein •The Capillars • – the connection between the arteries and veins, the exchange of the substances between the blood and the tissues • • •The Aorta •Aorta ascendens: ventriculus sin. → 2nd art. sternocostalis dx. •a. coronaria cordis dx. and sin. • • • • • •Arcus aortae: 2nd art. sternocostalis dx. → left side of Th3 •truncus brachiocephalicus (a. carotis communis dx. a a. subclavia dx.) •a. carotis communis sin. •a. subclavia sin. • •Aorta descendens: from Th3 – L4 • Aorta thoracica • Aorta abdominalis (separated by the diaphragm) •Lig. arteriosum • The blood supply of the head and neck: a. carotis communis: a. carotis interna a externa (the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage) 1) a. carotis externa - the anterior branches: • a. thyroidea sup. - for the thyroid gland • a. lingualis – for the tongue • a. facialis - regions of the face (the mimic muscles) - the lateral branches: ▪ a. sternocleidomastoidea - the posterior branches: • a. occipitalis • a. auricularis posterior - the medial branches: ▪ a. pharyngea ascendens - the terminal branches: • a. temporalis superficialis • a. maxillaris (the masticatory muscles) •2) a. carotis interna – through apertura externa canalis carotici into fossa cranii media, it supplies the anterior parts of the hemispheres, the eye socket and the inner ear •Aa. membri superioris Aa.membri superioris •A. subclavia • it lies on cupula pleurae, passes through fissura scalenorum, forms sulcus a. subclaviae on the 1st rib – from the lateral edge of the 1st rib, it changes its name into a. axillaris •The branches: •1) a. vertebralis (for the brain) •2) truncus thyreocervicalis: for the thyroid gland (a. thyroidea inferior), to the muscles of scapula (a. suprascapularis) and the neck (a. cervicalis ascendens, a. cervicalis superficialis) •3) truncus costocervicalis • for the deep neck muscles (a. cervicalis profunda) and the first two intercostal spaces (a. intercostalis suprema) •4) a. thoracica interna for m. rectus abdominis (a. epigastrica superior) and the diaphragm (a. musculophrenica) •5) a. transversa colli (the nuchal muscles, the muscles of the girdle of UE, m. trapezius 1)The muscular branches (m. subscapularis) 2)a. thoracica suprema (first two intercostal spaces) 3) a. thoracoacromialis (the shoulder joint, m. deltoideus, mm. pectorales) 4) a. thoracica lateralis (m. serratus anterior) 5) a. subscapularis (a. circumflexa scapulae, a. thoracodorsalis for m. latissimus dorsi) 6) a. circumflexa humeri anterior 7) a. circumflexa humeri posterior (through foramen humerotricipitale into m. deltoideus) •A. axillaris – from the 1st rib till the lower edge of the tendon of m. pectoralis major •The anastomosis of a. suprascapularis and a. circumflexa scapulae •The anastomosisof a. circumflexa humeri anterior and posterior •Foramen omotricipitale: •a. circumflexa scapulae - •the anastomosis with a. suprascapularis •Foramen humerotricipitale: •n. axillaris, •a. circumflexa •humeri posterior The branches: 1) a. profunda brachii (inside sulcus n. radialis) 2) a. collateralis ulnaris superior (behind med. epicondyle, into the arterial net around the elbow joint) 3) a. collateralis ulnaris inferior (into the arterial net around the elbow joint) The terminal branches: 4) a. radialis and a. ulnaris A. brachialis – from the edge of m. pectoralis major, inside sulcus bicipitalis medialis, inside fossa cubiti it divides into: a. radialis and a. ulnaris •A. radialis • below m. brachioradialis, into foveola radialis, below the tendon of m. extensor pollicis longus, it runs onto the back of the hand, gets throuhg m. interosseus dorsalis I. and in the palm it gives its terminal branches: •arcus palmaris profundus •a. princeps pollicis •The branches : •a) the branches for te elbow joint •b) the muscular branches (radial and palmar group) •c) The branches to rete carpi palmare→aa. metacarpeae dorsales→aa. digitales dorsales) d)r. palmaris superficialis et profundus – help create arcus palmaris superficialis et profundus e) a. princeps pollicis- for the thumb and lateral edge of the index f) A. ulnaris between m. flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis Distally between m. flexor carpi ulnaris and m. flexor digitorum superficialis Into the palm on the surface of retinaculum flexorum, along the radial side of os pisiforme and divides into the terminal branches: r. palmaris superficialis r. palmaris profundus The branches: a)the muscular branches b)a. interossea communis c)for art. radiocarpalis d) r. palmaris superficialis e) r. palmaris profundus ARCUS PALMARIS SUPERFICIALIS -aa. digitales palmares communes→ aa. digitales palmares propriae ARCUS PALMARIS PROFUNDUS -aa. metacarpae palmares – connect with aa. digitales communes •RETE CARPI PALMARE RETE ARTICULARE CUBITI •RETE CARPI DORSALE •Aorta descendens • Th3- L4 Aorta descendens - Th3- L4 • AORTA THORACICA – • from Th 3 till the diaphragm •(posterior mediastinum) • •The parietal branches: •aa. intercostales posteriores (intercostal spaces) •aa. phrenicae superiores (the diaphragm) • •The visceral branches: • rr. bronchiales • rr. oesophagei • rr. pericardiaci • rr. mediastinales • retroperitoneally • L4 - bifurcatio aortae •The parietal branches: •- For the abdominal wall, for the diaphragm (aa. phrenicae inferiores, aa. lumbales) • •The visceral branches: • • the non-paired branches •1) truncus coeliacus (Th12-L1) - (for the stomach, liver, spleen) •2) a. mesenterica superior (L1) (for the whole small intestine and a part of the large intestine) •3) a. mesenterica inferior (L3) (from flexura coli sin. downward till the cranial part of the rectum) • • • •AORTA ABDOMINALIS – the diaphragm - L4 •truncus coeliacus •a. mesenterica superior •a. mesenterica inferior •Truncus coeliacus: •A. gastrica sinistra •A. hepatica communis •A. lienalis •A. mesenterica superior: •A. pancreaticoduodenalis •Aa. jejunales et ilei •A. ileocolica •A. colica dextra •A. colica media • •A. mesenterica inferior: •A. colica sinistra •Aa. sigmoideae •A. rectalis superior • • the paired branches: 1)for the suprarenal glands-aa. suprarenales mediae •2) for the kidneys • -aa. renales •3) for the ovaries(testicles) -aa. testiculares -aa. ovaricae • the terminal branches: •a. sacralis mediana •aa. iliacae communes Aa. iliacae communes §L4 bifurcatio aortae §art. iliaca communis (divides into a. iliaca int. a ext. ) A. iliaca interna – it supplies the organs and the wall od the small pelvis The parietal branches: •The muscular branches for the gluteal muscles (a. glutaea superior et inferior), the wall of the small pelvis (a. iliolumbalis, a. sacralis lateralis), for the adductors of the tight (a. obturatoria), for the genital organs (a. pudenda interna) The visceral branches: •a. umbilicalis (obliterates and changes into lig. umbilicale lat.) •for the urinary bladder(a. vesicalis inf.) •for ductus deferens (resp. For the uterus) – a. ductus deferentis, a. uterina •ke konečníku (a. rectalis media) •The parietal branches: •The visceral branches: A. iliaca externa • thicker a. epigastrica inferior (the abdominal muscles, the wall of the large pelvis) a. circumflexa ilium profunda A.Iliaca externa •Aa. membri inferioris Aa.membri inferioris •A. femoralis §from lacuna vasorum till fossa poplitea, throuhg fossa iliopectinea and canalis adductorius •The branches: •1) For the external genital organs and the abdominal wall: a. epigastrica superficialis, a. circumflexa ilium superficialis, aa. pudendae externae •2) a. profunda femoris: the main artery for the muscles of the tight (a. circumflexa femoris med. a lat., aa. perforantes) •3) the muscular branches (tight) •4) a. genus descendens: for rete articulare genus • •aa. perforantes A. poplitea •from hiatus tendineus till the distal edge of m. popliteus •for the muscles of fossa poplitea and the knee joint The branches: 1)aa. surales (for m. gastrocnemius) 2)aa. genus – into the arterial net around the knee joint 3) the terminal branches: a. tibialis anterior a. tibialis posterior A. tibialis anterior •It perforates through membrana interossea cruris •proximally between m. tibialis ant. and m. extensor digitorum longus •distally between m. tibialis ant. and m. extensor hallucis longus – under retinaculum extensorum • •From the passing under retinaculum extensorum – it is called – a. dorsalis pedis •m. tibialis ant. •m. extensor digitorum longus •m. extensor hallucis longus •It supplies the knee joint, the anterior side of the lower leg, the back of the • foot and the fingers •The branches: •1) into arterial net around the knee joint •2) The muscular branches •3) into arterial net around both ankles •4) a. dorsalis pedis The branches of a. dorsalis pedis: a. tarsalis lateralis aa. tarsales mediales a. arcuata •aa. metatarseae dorsales •aa. digitales dorsales a.metatarsea dorsalis I. •r. plantaris profundus (into planta pedis-arcus plantaris) •a. dorsalis pedis •a. arcuata •a. metatarsea dorsalis I. •A. tibialis posterior •under arcus tendineus m. solei, it lies onto the deep flexors of the lower leg, behind the medail ankle runs into planta pedis • •canalis malleolaris (the structures behind the medial ankle) • m. tibialis posterior • m. flexor digitorum longus • a. et vv. tibiales posteriores • n. tibialis • m. flexor hallucis longus • the branches: 1) into the arterial net around the knee joint 2) a. peronea (fibularis)- supplies fibula and surrounding muscles 4) into the arterial net around the medial ankle 5) into the arterial net around the heel the terminal branches: a. plantaris medialis a.plantaris lateralis (arcus plantaris – aa. metatarsae plantares aa. digitales plantares) RETE ARTICULARE GENUS (rete patellae) RETE MALLEOLARE MEDIALE RETE MALLEOLARE LATERALE RETE CALCANEUM RETE DORSALE PEDIS •Pictures: •Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 •Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. •Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009. •Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III. •Drake et al.: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010