Embryology /organogenesis/ Week 4 Development and teratology of reproductive system. Embsmall gonads and ducts female_internal male_internal •Male or female sex is determined •by spermatozoon Y •in the moment of fertilization •♂ • •♀ • SRY gene, on the short arm of the Y chromosome, initiates male sexual differentiation. • •The SRY initiates transformation of indifferent gonads to form testes, which produce hormones supporting development of male reproductive organs. • •Developed testes produce: • -testosterone (T) - stimulates the Wolffian ducts development (epididymis and deferent ducts) •and -anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) - suppresses the Mullerian ducts development (oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina). Human Y chromosome SRY region.jpg •Indifferent stage – until the 7th week •Differentiated stage • •1) Development of gonads •2) Development of reproductive passages •3) Development of external genitalia male---female-symbol-thumb565583 •Development of gonads Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 33 • • • mesonephric ridge (laterally) •Dorsal wall of body: urogenital ridge • genital ridge (medially), consisting of • • mesenchyme and coelomic • epithelium •(Wolffian duct) • • • •gonad • Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 35 • •Three sources of gonad development: •1 – mesenchyme of gonadal ridges (plica genitalis) •2 – coelomic epithelium (mesodermal origin) •3 – gonocytes (primordial cells) •gonocytes • • • Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 34 •Primordial germ cells – gonocytes – in endoderm of dorsal wall of yolk sac. •Gonocytes migrate along dorsal mesentery of hindgut into the gonadal ridges •and induce (!) gonad development. Indifferent gonad development •Gonocytes induce coelomic epithelium to proliferate (primary proliferation) • • • • • • • • • • • •Together with gonocytes, cells of coelomic epithelium in mesenchyme form - • • • - primary sex cords • • in indifferent gonad • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •TESTIS •OVARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •INDIFFERENT •GONAD •primary sex cords = medullary cords •secondary sex cords ONLY •= cortical cords in ovary •Primary proliferation (male) •Secondary proliferation (female) •♂ •♀ •Tunica •albuginea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •TESTIS: • •Primary sex cords ð tubuli semuniferi contorti • •Gonocytes ð spermatogonia •Coelomic cells ð Sertoli cells •Mesenchyme ð Leydig cells, interstitial • connective tissue • •OVARY: • •Primary sex cords ð degenerate in ovarian medulla • •Secondary sex cords ð disintegrate into the follicles: •Gonocytes ð oogonia •Coelomic cells ð follicular cells •Mesenchyme ð ovarian stroma • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •♂ •♀ •Tunica albuginea Development of reproductive passages (indifferent – differentiated stage) •In mesonephric ridge) – 2 ducts: •Ductus mesonephricus (Wolffi) •Ductus paramesonephricus (Mülleri) genital009-1 • • Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 37 • • • repro1small •Wolffian duct ♂ •Müllerian duct ♀ Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 35 •genital ridge •mesonephric •ridge •gubernaculum •sinus •urogenitalis • •uterovaginal •tubercle Differentiated stage of development: persisting_ducts •Müllerian duct: • • • •Oviduct •Uterus •Cranial part of vagina •Wolffian duct: • • • •Ductus epididymidis •Ductus deferens •Ductus ejaculatorius • • • • •Ductuli efferentes in epididymis and rete testis originate from mesonephric tubules •(see mesonephros) • • Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 38 • • •EPOOPHORON •PAROOPHORON •GARTNER‘S • DUCT •+ RUDIMENTARY STRUCTURES •APPENDIX EPIDIDYMIDIS ANd9GcT0oR90tRMfKSh9flIs7Y9k_Z7uZVHgZ6hwTPwA3_3ohqcms79m Male symbol Illustration of male symbol symbol,vector,illustration,modifier,male • •gubernaculum Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 40 • • • ANd9GcT0oR90tRMfKSh9flIs7Y9k_Z7uZVHgZ6hwTPwA3_3ohqcms79m •Utero-vaginal canal •Oviduct Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 42 •UTEROVAGINAL CANAL Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 43 Development of external genatalia (indifferent – differentiated stage) •Genital tubercle [tuberculum genitale] •Urethral (cloacal) folds • [plicae genitales] •Labio-scrotal swellings • [tori genitales] genital024-2 Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 45 •Labioscrotal folds • Development_external_genita u3ye_glandes u3yd_prostate •Accessory glands development • •Seminal vesicles – develop as diverticles of •ductus deferens (from Wolffian duct) • •Prostate – develops around urethra as numerous diverticles (from pelvic part of sinus urogenitalis) • •Bulbourethral and Litré‘s glands Position of gonads during development •Gonad develops in only short, lumbal part of genital (gonadal) ridge (Th6 – S2) •Cranial part - disappeares •Caudal part transforms into gubernaculum • •Testes – descensus into the scrotum •Ovaries – change also their position due to fusion of Müllerian ducts and formation of broad ligament (lig. latum uteri) testesdrop •Testis – descens into the scrotum •gubernaculum slika1 • • •Duplicature of peritoneum •Ovaries – change their position due to fusion of Müllerian ducts and formation of broad ligament Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 41 • • • • Congenital malformations - 1 •Genetic anomalies: total manifestation •Gonad(s) agenesis – gonocytes did not reach genital ridge •Hermafroditism (ovotestes, ovary+testis) + chromosomal aberations (45X/46XX, 45X/46XY, 47XXY/46X, etc.) •Pseudohermafroditism – karyotype and gonads do not correspond to external genitalia •Gonadal hypolasia (dysgenesis) – Turner sy. (45X0), Klinefelter sy. (47XXY) 3 •Turner syndrom 45/X0 – absent X chr. •(girl - 15 years,150 cm) • •pterygium coli 1252477372 •Turner syndrom •Before and after hormonal and surgical therapy 1 •Klinefelter syndrom (47/XXY) – X more •19 years, 180 cm • •infertility gynekomastia, • 8 •Pseudohermafroditismus femininus •(girl, 12 years) •ovaries, fenotype rather male 9 10 •Pseudohermafroditismus masculinus •(17 years) •testes, fenotype rather female • 11 Congenital malformations – 2 defects of growth, position or cleft local manifestation •Kryptorchidism •Hydrocele testis •Hypospadias, epispadias •__________________________________ •Developmental defect of uterus (and vagina) uterus et vagina separatus, uterus bicornis, uterus septus or subseptus, uterus unicornis etc. Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 48 Vývoj urogenitálního systému - 49 5 •Defect insertion •of gubernaculum •Obstruction in way •of descensus 4 •Kryptorchidism Sedláčková 9 • HYPOSPADIAS EPISPADIAS • + extrophia vesicae urinariae 7 •Congnital bilateral inguinal hernia uterus Vagin Malf%20uterus Repetition of blood •Composition of the blood •Hematocrit •Hemoglobin •Erythrocytes – shape, size, density per 1 ml •Reticulocytes •Anisocytosis •Poikilocytosis •Polycythemia (= polyglobulia) • •Granulocytes •Agranulocytes •Number of leukocytes per 1ml •Anemia •Leukocytopenia •Thrombocyte •Number of thrombocytes per 1ml •Hyalomere, granulomere •Bone marrow structure •Erythropoiesis •Granulocytopoiesis •Megakaryocyte •Endomitosis • •Differential white cell count (DWCC) •Anomalies of DWCC •Shift to the left or to the right • red_white_blood_cells • •Neutrophilic granulocytes: 10-12 mm in Æ •„band“ •4 % in DWCC •„segment“ •67 % in DWCC 1_basophil •Basophilic granulocyte: 8 mm in Æ, only 1 % in DWCC eosinophil1a eosinophil4 •Eosinophilic granulocyte: up to 14 mm in Æ, 3 % in DWCC Normal-peripheral-blood-lymphocyte-100x-website-arrow nh%20monocyte%20x100b •Lymfocyte •Monocyte •5 % in DWCC •20 % in DWCC •Thank for your attention