HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 1 GRAMMAR A) Comparison of adjectives Adjectives are compared in Latin in the same manner as in English. There are three degrees of comparison a. POSITIVE expresses quality of one person or thing on its own. b. COMPARATIVE compares one person or thing with another and enable us to say whether a person or thing has more or less of a particular quality. a. All comparative forms are declined according to paradigms: DOLOR (M., F.) and CORPUS (N.) b. All three genders share the same Genitive ending -IORIS and Ablative ending -IORE c. Neuters have a special ending -IUS in Nominative (=Accusative) sg. and -IORA in pl. singular plural nominative brevior brevius breviores breviora genitive brevioris breviorum accusative breviorem brevius breviores breviora ablative breviore brevioribus c. SUPERLATIVE describes one person or thing as having the most of a quality of all other people or things in a group. a. All superlative forms end in –ISSIMUS, -A, -UM and are declined like adjectives of 1st and 2nd declension b. Latin superlatives may be sometimes translated into English using adverb “very” -> trauma gravissimum = very severe injury d. Irregular and incomplete forms: magnus, a, um > major, majus > maximus a, um (big, bigger, the biggest) parvus, a, um > minor, minus > minimus, a, um (small smaller, the smallest) ante > anterior, ius > ø post > posterior, ius > postremus a, um supra > superior, ius > supremus, a, um infra > inferior, ius > infimus/imus, a, um intra > interior, ius > intimus, a, um B) Diminutive forms A diminutive creates a meaning of ‘small’ or ‘little’. In Latin, the diminutive is formed from a noun by the addition of a suffix to its genitive stem. Latin diminutives are always of the same gender as the nouns they are derived from. -(i)culus, a, um e.g. canaliculus (small canal) -ulus, a, um e.g. capitulum (small head) -olus, a, um e.g. alveolus (small cavity or pit) -illus, a, um e.g. pupilla (pupil; dark circular aperture at the centre of iris of the eye) -ellus, a, um e.g. cerebellum (posterior brain mass) *irregular forms (suffix not attached to Gen. stem): corpus > corpusculum HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 2 EXERCISES Task 1: Form comparatives and superlatives from given adjectives: parvus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ brevis, e ........................................ ........................................ fortis, e ........................................ ........................................ acutus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ magnus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ longus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ gravis, e ........................................ ........................................ profundus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ latus, a, um ........................................ ........................................ Task 2: Fill in comparatives and superlatives in correct forms: minimus, a, um musculus abductor digiti ........................................ minor,minus cornu ........................................ossis hyoidei superior, ius defectus arcus dentalis ........................................ intimus,a,um musculi intercostales ........................................ inferior,ius amputatio membri ........................................ imus, a,um arteriae lumbales ........................................ anterior, ius peritoneum parietale ........................................ latissimus,a,um ruptura musculi ........................................dorsi posterior, ius arteria temporalis profunda ........................................ HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 3 Task 3: Form comparatives and superlatives from the given forms of adjectives: in foraminibus parvis ........................................ ........................................ post traumata gravia ........................................ ........................................ laesio partis mollis ........................................ ........................................ ulcus frequens ........................................ ........................................ in tunica interna ........................................ ........................................ cum dolore acuto ........................................ ........................................ fractura cornuum magnorum ........................................ ........................................ propter infarctum recentem ........................................ ........................................ medicamenta fortia ........................................ ........................................ Task 4: Give the opposites: lobus inferior / ........................................ facies externa / ........................................ossis frontalis circulatio sanguinis minor / ........................................ foramen ischiadicum majus / ........................................ musculus adductor brevis / ........................................ pars posterior / ........................................linguae tunica interna / ........................................vasorum segmentum anterius / ........................................lobi superioris pulmonis dextri. meatus nasi superior / ........................................ Task 5: Create meaningful diagnoses: a) pro / dosis / infantibus / maxima ___________________________________________________________________________ b) oris / chronicum / superioris / ulcus / labii ___________________________________________________________________________ HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 4 c) sepsim / propter / lateris / amputatio / membri / sinistri / inferioris ___________________________________________________________________________ d) gastritidis / minoris / suspicio / gradus ___________________________________________________________________________ e) inferioris / dextri / rami / et / ossis / fractura / superioris / pubis / lateris ___________________________________________________________________________ Task 6: Translate: shorter bone more severe injury bigger danger bigger sublingual duct in the upper hollow vein the longest muscle of the upper limb lesser curvature of ventricle of heart posterior deep temporal artery fracture of the middle phalanx of the smallest finger the most recent infarction the most frequent disease the innermost layer of oesophagus amputation of the lower limb due to gangraena caused by diabetes mellitus HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 5 Task 7: Put the correct Latin anatomical terms: .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ................................................. HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 6 Task 8: Decide whether the following sentences are true/false: TRUE FALSE 1. Pelvis feminina levior est. 2. Pelvis masculina latior est. 3. Apertura superior pelvis femininae major est. 4. Cavitas pelvis femininae angustior est. 5. Os sacrum pelvis masculinae brevius est. 6. Os sacrum pelvis femininae latius est. 7. Foramina obturatoria pelvis femininae majora sunt. 8. Acetabula feminina majora sunt. 9. Coccyx feminina brevior est. 10. Angulus alarum ossis ilii masculini minor est. 11. Promontorium femininum minus est. 12. Symphysis pubica feminina longior est. HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 7 Task 9: Give nouns from which following diminutives are derived: E.g.: alveolus alveus, i, m. capitulum .................................................. ossiculum.................................................. nodulus .................................................. venula .................................................. cerebellum .................................................. geniculum.................................................. lingula .................................................. canaliculus.................................................. cuticula .................................................. arteriola ................................................. denticulus .................................................. areola .................................................. vasculum .................................................. Task 10: Form diminutives: E.g.: calix1 caliculus lobus ........................................ vena ......................................... ductus ......................................... septum ......................................... anus .......................................... fossa ......................................... frenum2 ......................................... tuber ......................................... valva .......................................... corpus ......................................... mus3 ......................................... glans4 ......................................... venter ......................................... auris ......................................... 1 calix, calicis, m. – dish, pot, cup 2 frenum, i, n. – a horse’s bridle 3 mus, muris, m. - mouse 4 glans, glandis, f. - acorn HANDOUT 1 (SS 2017) 8 Vocabulary Nouns ablatio, ionis, f. ablation, separation, removal ala, ae, f. wing areola, ae, f. a narrow zone surrounding a central area (e.g. mammae) auricula, ae, f. projecting shell-like structure on the side of the head cerebellum, i, n. posterior brain mass circulatio, ionis, f. circulation curvatura, ae, f. curvature; bending cuticula cuticle; an outer thin layer diffusus, a, um diffuse, spread-out extremitas, atis, f. extremity; limb fasciculus, i, m. fascicle flexura, ae, f. flexure; bend; fold gangraena, ae, f. gangrene gradus, us, m. grade; stage; degree instrumentum, i, n. instrument; tool membrum, i, n. limb; extremity paries, etis, m. wall peritoneum, ei, n. peritoneum; serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity prognosis, is / eos, f. prognosis; a forecast of the probable course and/or outcome of a disease pulvis, eris, m. powder punctio, ionis, f. puncture; penetrating with e.g. a needle segmentum, i, n. segment; section sternum, i, n. breastbone transfusio, ionis, f. transfusion venter, ventris, m. belly Adjectives annularis, e annular; ring-shaped cervicalis, e cervical difficilis, e difficult dissimilis, e dissimilar; unlike distalis, e distal dubius, a, um dubious; uncertain dulcis, e sweet facilis, e easy fluctuans, antis floating fortis, e strong, powerful frequens, entis frequent; often occurring glutaeus, a, um gluteal; pertaining to buttocks gracilis, e tender; brittle humilis, e low imminens, entis impending, imminent intercostalis, e intercostal; between ribs localis, e local malus, a, um bad metatarsalis, e metatarsal molaris, e molar necessarius, a, um necessary pepticus, a, um pertaining to digestion proximalis, e proximal purus, a, um pure; clean rarus, a, um rare; seldom sanguis, inis, m. blood similis, e similar splanchnicus, a, um splanchnic; related to visceral organs subtilis, e subtle; delicate trochlearis, e trochlear