REVISION: CONNECT columna vertebralis vertebrae lumbales brachium laterale ligamentum teres colon descendens herpes simplex dentes permanentes musculus biceps brachii appendix vermiformis os ethmoidale ossa nasalia morbus exacerbans trauma grave febris recurrens partes processus nervus ruptura carcinoma sanatio caries bursa inflammatio lamina fractura therapia operatio remedium columnae vertebralis vertebrarum lumbalium brachii lateralis ligamenti teretis coli descendentis herpetis simplicis dentium permanentium musculi bicipitis brachii appendicis vermiformis ossis ethmoidalis ossium nasalium morbi exacerbantis traumatis gravis febris recurrentis Which phrases are in Plural? 2ND WEEK Comparison of adjectives Comparison of adjectives —Adjectives can express different levels of quality ¡1st level – POSITIVE ÷expresses quality on its own ÷ in English: good, small, easy ¡2nd level – COMPARATIVE ÷compare differences between the qualities of two nouns ÷in English: better, smaller, easier ¡3rd level – SUPERLATIVE ÷describe the quality of a noun that is the highest (or lowest) in degree compared to the members of the noun’s group. ÷in English: the best, the smallest, the easiest ÷ ¡ Types of comparison —In Latin, as well as in English, there exist various ways of comparing adjectives: ¡regular ÷comparatives and adjectives are formed using suffixes ÷in English: small, smaller, the smallest ¡irregular ÷comparatives and superlatives have irregular forms ÷in English: good, better, the best ¡periphrastic ÷a multi-word expression has the same role as an inflection ÷in English: intelligent, more intelligent, the most intelligent ¡incomplete ÷no positive form of adjective, only comparatives (and superlatives) exist ÷ ¡ Regular comparison - comparative —Positive ¡LONGUS, A, UM gen. LONG-I ¡BREVIS, E gen. BREV-IS ¡ —Comparative ¡take genitive stem of the adjective and add endings: ¡-ior (m+f), -ius (n), genitive ending for all 3 genders: -ioris ¡declined like the 3rd declension consonant stems — LONGIOR, LONGIUS, gen. LONGIORIS — BREVIOR, BREVIUS, gen. BREVIORIS Declining of comparatives singular plural nom. brevior brevius breviores breviora gen. brevioris breviorum acc. breviorem brevius breviores breviora abl. breviore brevioribus •Comparative forms are declined according to paradigms DOLOR (M., F.) and CORPUS (N.) •Genitive ending is for all 3 genders: – IORIS. • •simplex, simplicis -> simplicior (m., f.), simplicius (n.) -> g. sg.: simplicioris (m., f., n.) •latus, a, um -> latior (m., f.), latius (n.) -> g. sg.: latioris Regular comparison - superlative —Positive ¡LONGUS, A, UM gen. LONG-I ¡BREVIS, E gen. BREV-IS — —Superlative ¡take genitive stem of the adjective and add endings: ¡-issimus (m), a (f), um (n) – declined like 1+2 decl. adjectives ¡LONGISSIMUS, A, UM ¡BREVISSIMUS, A, UM Irregular and incomplete comparison oIrregular comparison omagnus major, majus maximus, a, um oparvus minor, minus minimus, a, um o oIncomplete comparison oforms used to describe positions on human body, derived from prepositions, having only comparative and superlative forms oante anterior, ius opost posterior, ius postremus, a, um osupra superior, ius supremus, a, um oinfra inferior, ius infimus/imus, a, um ointra interior, ius intimus, a, um o Use of Comparatives in Anatomical Terminology —Comparative forms are used in anatomical terminology when two phaenomena of the same kind occur or when we want to denote location: ¡circulatio sanguinis major / minor ¡cornu majus / minus ossis hyoidei 1 cartilago lateralis 2 concha nasalis inferior 3 concha nasalis media 4concha nasalis superior 5 5sinus sphenoidalis 6 6septum nasi praesentatio occipitis anterior posterior Use of Superlatives in Anatomical Terminology —Superlative forms are used when more than 2 phaenomena of the same kind occur to denote the highest quality of a phaenomenon ¡e.g.: musculus gluteus maximus / medius /minimus For more examples see handout called „Anatomical terms with superlatives“ Form comparatives and superlatives from given adjectives POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE parvus, a, um brevis, e fortis, e acutus, a, um magnus, a, um longus, a,um gravis, e profundus, a, um latus, a, um minor, minus minimus, a, um maior, maius longior, ius gravissimus, a, um gravior, ius profundissimus, a, um profundior, ius latior, ius latissimus, a, um brevior, ius fortissimus, a, um fortior, ius acutior, ius acutissimus, a um maximus, a, um longissimus, a, um brevissimus, a, um FILL IN COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES IN CORRECT FORMS —minimus, a, um musculus abductor digiti __________ —minor,minus cornu _______ ossis hyoidei —superior, ius defectus arcus dentalis____________ —intimus,a,um musculi intercostales___________ —inferior,ius amputatio membri ___________ —imus, a,um arteriae lumbales __________ —anterior, ius peritoneum parietale ___________ —latissimus,a,um ruptura musculi ___________ dorsi —posterior, ius arteria temporalis profunda ________ superioris minus inferioris imae intimi latissimi anterius posterior minimi CREATE MEANINGFUL DIAGNOSES —pro / dosis / infantibus / maxima ¡dosis maxima pro infantibus —oris / chronicum / superioris / ulcus / labii ¡ulcus chronicum labii superioris oris —sepsim / propter / lateris / amputatio / membri / sinistri / inferioris ¡amputatio membri inferioris lateris sinistri propter sepsim —gastritidis / minoris / suspicio / gradus ¡suspicio gastritidis gradus minoris —inferioris / dextri / rami / et / ossis / fractura / superioris / pubis / lateris ¡fractura rami superioris et inferioris ossis pubis lateris dextri TRANSLATE —shorter bone ¡os brevius —more severe injury ¡trauma gravius —bigger danger ¡periculum majus —bigger sublingual duc ¡ductus sublingualis major —in the upper hollow vein ¡in vena cava superiore —the longest muscle of the upper limb ¡musculus longissimus membri superioris —lesser curvature of ventricle of heart ¡curvatura minor ventriculi cordis — TRANSLATE —posterior deep temporal artery ¡arteria temporalis profunda posterior —fracture of the middle phalanx of the smallest finger ¡fractura phalangis mediae digiti minimi —the most recent infarction ¡infarctus recentissimus —the most frequent disease ¡morbus frequentissimus —the innermost layer of oesophagus ¡tunica intima oesophagi —amputation of the lower limb due to gangraena caused by diabetes mellitus ¡amputatio extremitatis inferioris propter ganreaenam e diabeta mellito Put the correct Latin anatomical terms 1. Pelvis feminina levior est. 2. Pelvis masculina latior est. 3. Apertura superior pelvis femininae major est. 4. Cavitas pelvis femininae angustior est. 5. Os sacrum pelvis masculinae brevius est. 6. Os sacrum pelvis femininae latius est. 7. Foramina obturatoria pelvis femininae majora sunt. 8. Acetabula feminina majora sunt. 9. Coccyx feminina brevior est. 10. Angulus alarum ossis ilii masculini minor est. 11. Promontorium femininum minus est. 12. Symphysis pubica feminina longior est. True False ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü HOW DO WE DERIVE WORDS IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY —1) Derivation ¡a) Prefix: ante-brachium; ana-lysis ¡b) Sufix: brachi-alis; nephr-itis ¡c) Prefix + sufix: ante-brachi-alis; para-nephr-itis —2) Composition: prim-i-para; pneum-o-thorax —3) Derivation + composition: nas-o-lacrim-alis; haemat-ur-ia —4) Abbreviation: DM; CT; HIV, AIDS —5) Borrowings: shock; stress — WORD ROOT PREFIX SUFFIX PORT RE PORT IM PORT SUP PORT EX PORT TRANS PORT PORT ER PORT ABLE TRANS PORT ABILITY BASIC TERMINOLOGY Medical words, like many other words consist of 3 basic component parts: PREFIXES —ORIGIN: LATIN/GREEK prepositions and their phonological variants —ROLE: SPECIFY/RESTRICT/CHANGE/ALTER the meaning of the derived word ¡Ad-ductor vs. Ab-ductor —POSITION: AT the BEGINNING of the word —MEANING: ¡TIME/PLACE ¡DEGREE ¡DEVIATION/CORECTNESS ¡ ¡ ¡ SUFFIXES —ROLE: SPECIFY/RESTRICT/CHANGE/ALTER the meaning of the derived word ¡English example: teach vs. teacher ¡e.g. adductio vs. adductor ¡e.g. nephrosis, nephritis, nephroma —POSITION: AT the END of the word —MEANING: ¡NOUN ENDINGS: STATE, QUALITY, FORM OF DISEASE,... ¡ADJECTIVE ENDINGS: RELATION, POSSIBILITY, ABILITY, SHAPE,... ¡ ¡ ¡ Diminutives —A diminutive creates a meaning of ‘small’ or ‘little’. ¡English example: kittie, sweetie, Maggie,... —In Latin, the diminutive is formed from another noun by the addition of a suffix to its genitive stem: ¡-(i)culus, a, um e.g. canaliculus (small canal) ¡-ulus, a, um e.g. capitulum (small head) ¡-olus, a, um e.g. alveolus (small cavity or pit) ¡-illus, a, um e.g. pupilla (pupil; the dark circular aperture at the centre of the iris of the eye) ¡-ellus, a, um e.g. cerebellum (posterior brain mass, lit. small brain) —Latin diminutives are always of the same gender like the nouns they are derived from. — 37corpusculum renale 38 38 glomerulus 39 39capsula glomerularis caput humeri x capitulum humeri cuticula unguis papilla mammae 19 lobi glandulae mammariae 23 lobuli glandulae mammariae 24 areola mammae 27 glandulae areolares 28 27 ligg. suspensoria mammaria 31 — lingula (< lingua) —= little projection, process — —E.g.: —sphenoidalis —pulmonis sinistri —mandibulae lingula.jpg caput, itis, n. nodus, i, m. lingua, ae, f. cutis, is, f. cerebrum, i, n. os, ossis, n. vena, ae, f. genu, us, n. canalis, is, m. arteria, ae, f. Give nouns from which following diminutives are derived: dens, dentis, m. vas, vasis, n. area, ae, f. lobulus ductulus valvula musculus anulus venula septulum fossula corpusculum glandula Form diminutives: ventriculus auricula frenulum tuberculum — A 16-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital after being found unconscious in a snow bank at 6 a.m. on New Year's Day. He had been well until the night before admission, when he attended a party where alcohol was consumed. He was last seen at approximately 11 p.m. Approximately 2 hours later, his friends and family noticed his absence and notified police; a search was begun. At approximately 6 a.m., he was found unconscious in a snowbank by local firefighters and police officers. The ambient temperature was −15°C (5°F), with a wind-chill factor of approximately −29°C (−20°F). He was partially undressed —with his pants down and his right boot off; —his limbs were buried in the snow, and —a layer of ice surrounded his right foot. —Diagnosis: —Stage 3 hypothermia. —Stage 3 frostbite with diffuse distal —small-vessel thrombosis and impending —partial limb loss. Hypothermia gradus tertii. Congelatio gradus tertii cum thrombosi vasculorum distali diffusa Periculum amputationis partialis membri (extremitatis) / amputatio partialis imminens