HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 1 EXPRESSING POSITION IN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Location of a particular anatomical structure or clinical problem is usually expressed via one (or a combination) of the following means: A) prepositions with Ablative: in, sub, a/ab with Accusative: supra, infra, intra, extra, ad, circum, inter, per B) comparative (or superlative) forms, if specifying the location of one of two or more similar structures anterior, ius x posterior, ius foramen ethmoidale anterius / posterius superior, ius x inferior, ius fissura orbitalis superior / inferior imus, a, um aa. lumbales imae intimus, a, um mm. intercostales intimi C) adjectives Based on body directions: Based on body regions: verticalis, e x horizontalis, e coronalis, e medialis, e x lateralis, e basalis, e proximalis, e x distalis, e ventralis, e caudalis, e x cranialis, e sagittalis, e palmaris, e x dorsalis, e radialis, e frontalis, e x occipitalis, e ulnaris, e profundus, a, um x superficialis, e rostralis, e peripheralis, e x centralis, e pectoralis, e apicalis, e abdominalis, e tibialis, e fibularis, e plantaris, e etc. D) combined terms with connecting vowel -oarteria frontobasalis lateralis aa. centrales anterolaterales ramus frontalis posteromedialis gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis ductus paramesonephrici etc. HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 2 E) prefixes derived from prepositions (anatomical nomenclature mostly makes use of Latin, while clinical medicine uses more Greek) * has more meanings! LATIN Example GREEK equivalent *ad- (ac-, af-) mm. adductores; vasa afferentia; ductus pancreaticus accessorius par(a)glandula parathyroidea; plica paraduodenalis; parametrium ab- m. abductor pollicis longus apoaponeurosis palmaris *ante- pr(a)e- antebrachium arteria pr(a)epancreatica; vena pr(a)epylorica proprostata; promontorium ossis sacri circumgll. circumanales; circumferentia articularis radii peripericardium; periosteum extragraviditas extrauterina; spatium extraperitoneale exo- (ecto-) pars exocrina pancreatis *in- (im-, il-, ir-) incisura scapulae;impressio cardiac; infundibulum ethmoidale en- (em-) empyema; encephalon interseptum interventriculare; tuberculum intervenosum *diadiaphragma thoraco-abdominale; diaphysis intrasynchondroses intraoccipitales; lig. sternocostale intraarticulare endosaccus endolymphaticus;endothelium ob- (oc-, op-) m. opponens pollicis; occiput *ant(i)- ant(i)helix retro- spatium retropubicum; recessus retrocaecalis metaaa. metacarpales sub- infrainjectio subcutanea; fossa subscapularis foramen infraorbitale; cavitas infraglottica *hypoplexus hypogastricus; nervus hypoglossus super- spatium perinei superficiale epiepithelium; epimysium; epiglottis supra- ossa suprasternalia; crista supramastoidea Ø trans- planum transpyloricum Ø Ø mes(o)mesoderma; mesocortex; mesocolon HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 3 EXERCISES Task 1: Connect the selected nouns with the adjective pars – ostium – regiones – aorta – ramus + abdominalis, e ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... caput – rete – cavitas – capsula – systema + articularis, e ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... segmentum – nucleus – substantia – bronchus + basalis, e ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... canalis – venae – foramina – nuclei + sacralis, e ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... ganglia – septum – vertebra – regio + cervicalis, e ....................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... Task 2: Add the correct form of adjective and find opposite arteria (dorsalis, e) . ................................. ................................. extremitates (proximalis, e) ................................. ................................. combustiones (superficialis, e) ................................. ................................. vas (afferens, ntis) ................................. ................................. angulus (medialis, e) ................................. ................................. HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 4 Task 3: Give basic directional terms and mark them on the pictures Task 4: Are the following sentences true or false? 1. In anatomical position the palmar surface is in posterior position. true ? false? 2. The sternum is anterior to the heart. 3. The clavicles are mediales to the sternum. 4. The elbow is proximalis to the wrist. 5. The aorta is ventralis to the spinal column. 6. The skin is profundus to the muscles. 7. The blood drawn from a fingertip is peripheralis. HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 5 Task 5: Complete sentences Several prefixes modify position or direction when used in a term. Abductio is used to describe movement .................................from the body, and adductio describes movement.................................the body. Circumductio is a movement that is .................................Inversio refers to turning in, and eversio means to turn.................................Subcutaneus pertains to .................................skin. Epidermalis refers to something .................................the skin, whereas transdermalis pertains to .................................the skin. Intradermalis pertains to .................................the skin. That which is within a cell is .................................cellularis. Extracellularis pertains to .................................a cell. Inter-, a prefix meaning.................................is used in the term describing that which is between the cells: .................................cellularis. Infra-, a prefix meaning .................................is used to indicate a position below the part to which it is joined. For example, .................................umbilicalis refers to a position below or under the umbilicus (navel). Task 6: Analyze the meaning of the terms injectio intravenosa ............................................................... intraarterialis ............................................................... intramuscularis ............................................................... subcutanea ............................................................... abscessus intracranialis ............................................................... retrocaecalis ............................................................... extraduralis ............................................................... paraurethralis ............................................................... perirenalis ............................................................... glandula sublingualis ............................................................... submandibularis ............................................................... hypogastrica ............................................................... parotidea ............................................................... suprarenalis ............................................................... HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 6 Task 7: Translate the authentic medical records, put the full form of abbreviations a) fr. partis distalis radii l.dx. intraarticularis comminutiva ...................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... b) susp. fracturae ossis scaphoidei l.sin. ........................................................ ..................................................................................................................................................... c) fractura diaphyseos femoris l. utr. pathologica ........................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... d) st. p. fracturam costae II l.sin. in anamnesi ........................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... e) infractio rami super. ossis pubis l.dx. s.d. suspecta ........................................................ ...................................................................................................................................................... f) fr. spiral. marginis poster. tibiae l.dx. invet. ........................................................ ...................................................................................................................................................... g) fr. fibulae lat. dx. cum disloc. ad longitudinem ........................................................ ....................................................................................................................................................... h) status post OS humeri l. sin. propter fracturam supracondylicam ........................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... i) fr. ossis navicularis pedis l. sin. luxans ....................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... j) status post fixationem ext. tibiae l. sin. propter fr. apert. ....................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... k) fr. articulationis talocruralis l.sin. commin. ....................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... HANDOUT 2 (SS 2017) 7 Vocabulary NOUNS acetabulum, i, n. hip joint socket aponeurosis, is, f. a sheetlike tendinous expansion articulatio, onis, f. joint axis, is, m. a line through the centre of body caries, ei, f. dental decay cementum, i, n. bonelike connective tissue covering the roots of teeth condylus, i, m. a rounded projection on a bone for articulation contractio, onis, f. drawing together corona, ae, f. an encircling structure resembling a crown (e.g. c. dentis) dentinum, i, n. the chief substance of teeth covered with enamel; dentin distractio, onis, f. separation of enamelum, i, n. the hard, mineralized surface of teeth; enamel epicondylus, i, m. an eminence on a bone above its condyle fixatio, onis, f. fastening in a fixed position fragmentum, i, n. fragment (e.g. of bone) helix, icis, f. a spiral; the free margin of auricle incisor, is, m. front tooth index, icis m. 2nd finger infractio, onis, f. incomplete fracture (x infarctus us, m. !!) ischemia, ae, f. insufficient supply of blood into an organ luxatio, onis, f. disarticulation of a joint malaria, ae, f. malaria massa, ae, f. lump; aggregation of coherent material nucleus, i, m. (here) a mass of gray matter osteosynthesis, is, f. fixation of bone fragments with plates, wires, etc. promontorium, i, n. a projecting process or eminence pulpa, ae, f. soft, juicy tissue; pulp (e.g. p. dentis; p. lienis) radix, icis, f. root recessus, us, m. a small empty space or cavity repositio, onis, f. returning into proper position stabilisatio, onis, f. putting into a stable position *lateris utriusque (l.utr.) = on both sides *verisimiliter/veri similis (v. s.) = probably ADJECTIVES articularis, e related to/located in a joint dislocatus, a, um dislocated (e.g. fracture) (x dislocatio, onis, f. !!) fluctuans, ntis floating; free (with ribs) = fluitans, ntis incipiens, ntis initial; beginning inveteratus, a, um old; not properly healed; chronic ischemicus, a, um related to ischemia lateralis, e located on sides (x latus, eris, n. !!) metacarpalis, e metacarpal (e.g. bones) metatarsalis, e metatarsal penetrans, ntis penetrating pr(a)emolaris, e located before molar (tooth); premolar proximus, a, um close to serratus, a, um having saw-toothed edges (see m. serratus)