paleocortex, archicortex (allocortex) – neurons in 3-5 layers neocortex (isocortex) – neurons in 6 layers peripaleocortex et periarchicortex = mesocortex TELENCEPHALIC CORTEX - NOMENCLATURE John A. Kiernan 2008. Barr's The Human Nervous System Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 John A. Kiernan 2008. Barr's The Human Nervous System Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 John A. Kiernan 2008. Barr's The Human Nervous System Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Gyrus parahippocampalis Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 LOCATION OF MAIN FUNCTIONAL REGIONS OF TELENCEPHALIC CORTEX somatosenzory and senzory motor cortex of limbic forebrain association cortex a43 R. Čihák 1997. Anatomie 3. CORTICALAREAS FOR SPEECH - I Broca‘s (motor) cortical area - g. front. inf. a44, 45 for right-hander in L-hemisphere, for left-hander in R-hemisphere Wernicke‘s (sensory) cortical area - a 22,39,40 in dominant hemi- sphere CORTICAL AREAS FOR SPEECH - II A SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF 3D ARRANGEMENT OF SOME TELENCEFALIC STRUCTURES Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Gyrus parahippocampalis Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Kahle et al. 1978. Nervous System and Sensory Organs Limbic system – classic conception Papez‘s circuit (James Papez 1939) without specific function ncl. anterior thalami gyrus parahippocampalis hippocampus ncl. mamillaris gyruscinguli tr. mammilo-thalamicus fornix Limbic system – classic conception Papez‘s circuit (James Papez 1939) M.J.T. FitzGerald et al. 2007. Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. RECENT CONCEPTION OF LIMBIC FOREBRAIN • basomedial telencephalon, structures of diencephalon and mesencephalon for emotion and motivation of our behavior Regular structures • g. cinguli, g. parahippocampalis, hippocampus, • area septalis, amygdalar ncll., hypothalamus (ncl. mammillaris) • neocortical regions of forebrain - basal frontotemporal regions, orbital cortex, ventral striatum (pallidum) • ncl. anterior et medialis dorsalis thalami • insular cortex and ncl. Meynerti STRUCTURES OF LIMBIC FOREBRAIN M.J.T. FitzGerald et al. 2007. Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. memory of listening to music notion of fear notion of tooth pain M.J.T. FitzGerald et al. 2007. Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. Cingular cortex AMYGDALAR NUCLEI Sobotta J, Figge FHJ. Atlas of human anatomy Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1977 Amygdalar nuclei: the principal nuclei with the perception of fear M.J.T. FitzGerald et al. 2007. Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. Projection of cholinergic neurons to neocortex Alzheimer´s disease – about half reduction of cholinergic neurons in the nuclei STRUCTURES OF LIMBIC FOREBRAIN M.J.T. FitzGerald et al. 2007. Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. LIMBIC FOREBRAIN AND AMYGDALAR NUCLEI implicated in the generation of the most rudimentary and the most profound of human emotions including fear, sexual desire, rage, religious ecstasy, or at a more basic level, determining if something might be good to eat seeking of loving attachments and the formation of long term emotional memories neurons become activated in response to the human face ncl. caudatus, putamen, globus pallidus, claustrum and amygdalar ncll. functional: + thalamus, substantia nigra and ncl. subthalamicus ncl. caudatus + putamen = neostriatum (striatum) globus pallidus (ext. + int. segment) = paleostriatum (pallidum) globus pallidus + putamen = ncl. lentiformis BASAL GANGLIAAND RELATED STRUCTURES Basal ganglia striatum (neostriatum) ncl. caudatus putamen ncl. accumbens dorsal striatum ventral striatum globus pallidus (pallidum, paleostriatum) med. (internal) seg. lat. (external) seg. dorsal pallidum ventral pallidum substantia nigra ncl. subthalamicus pars compacta pars reticularis BASAL GANGLIAAND RELATED STRUCTURES VENTRAL PALIDUM AND VENTRAL STRIATUM Heimer L. 1995. The Human Brain and Spinal Cord M.J.T. FitzGerald et al. 2007. Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. GENERAL CONNECTIONS OF BG cortex striatum pallidum thalamus cortex + - - + Activation of inhib. N Increased inhibitory effect to pallidum Lower inhibition of VA/VL VA/VL Higher activation of cortex WHITE MATTER OF TELENCEPHALON Pathways - associated, projection and commissural ASSOCIATED PATHWAYS - interconnections of various cortical regions fasciculus longitudinalis superior fasciculus longitudinalis inferior fasciculus uncinatus fasciculi occipitales verticales cingulum fasciculus occipitofrontalis superior Projection pathways Short projection pathways Long projection pathways - capsula interna crus anterius, genu et crus posterius capsulae internae crus anterius – anterior tr. thalamo-corticalis and tr. fronto-pontinus genu - tr. cortico-nuclearis, from area 4 to contralateral motoneurons of cranial nerves crus posterius - tr. cortico-spinalis (somatotopic arrangement), tr. cortico-reticularis and tr. cortico-rubralis, posterior tr. thalamo-corticalis (somatosenzory information to parietal cortex), tr. parieto- , temporo-, occipito-pontinus, radiatio optica, radiatio acustica CAPSULA INTERNA Tractography - Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Zamzuri Idris et al. 2013. DOI: 10.5772/52032 Traktografie - Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)