Kidneys
In this experiment, you will investigate how the kidneys handle fluid loads. These include water alone, and isosmotic salt and monosaccharide solutions, as well as a hyperosmotic monosaccharide solution.
Learning Objectives
By the end of today's laboratory you will be able to:
Describe how the Kidneys handle a water load Distinguish between the handling of water and isosmotic salt loads
Explain the pattern of fluid excretion following isosmotic and hyperosmotic monosacchahde loads Discuss the relationship between urine osmolarity and specific gravity and how osmolartty is affected by changes in urine flow rates
Claude Bernard (1813 - 7867; - the first to express the concept of the constancy of the internal environment.
Carl Ludwig (1816 - 1895) - a pioneer of renal physiology.
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
A
2 of 14: Setup
Equipment:
Refractometer, urine collection container, urine transfer pipette to refractometer, test strips, measuring container and paper napkins.
1. Optical prism
2 Translucent cup
3 Calibration screw
4 Rubber handle
5 Eyepiece with focus
Urine collection container
	
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1H.	
Pipete
Urine measuring container
1. Applying a drop of urine to the prism of the refractometer.
2. Covering the prism with a transparent cup.
3. Reading the measured value from the scale
4. Cleaning the prism (be careful not to scratch the prism).
LabTutor8
Kidneys EN_1
® GH
14: Procedures
D ®
Logo«! (J) Back Next
00
Procedure:
This laboratory involves the collection of urine at various time intervals and measurement of its volume and specific gravity (an indication of osmolarity). There are four different protocols, each requiring a different volunteer.
Volunteer preparation
The establishment of the diuresis depends upon fairly rapid absorption of the water so it is important not to start with a full stomach. Just eat a light meal and drink normally in the 3 to 4 hours before the laboratory starts. In addition, avoid fluids containing caffeine (coffee, tea. cola drinks) for at least 3 hours prior to the laboratory
O Be sure to note the time at which you last urinated prior to coming to the laboratory.
Refractometer measurement
1. Preparation for measurement (handle the device with care and do not touch optical lens).
Set direction of the refractometer transparent cjp against the light, look into the eyepiece and sharpen the image to improve readability. You will see a circular space with a measuring scale
2. Refractometer calibration.
Open the transparent cup, put 1 to 2 drops of the calibration solution (distilled water) on the optical pn'sm, close the cup and press it slightly for the solution to spread perfectly over the surface of the optical prism (without air bubbles and dry spots) Look into the eyepiece, the top of the visor should be blue, the bottom white, and the boundary should go through a calibration value of 1.3300 (left scale of the Rl) If not, turn the calibration screw until the desired condition is reached.
3. Measurement.
Open the transparent cup, clean the optical prism with the Included cloth; then put 1 to 2 drops of the test liquid (urine) on it, close the cup and slightly press it so that the liquid can spread perfectly over the surface of the optical prism (without air bubbles and dry spots) The measured value will be represented by the intersection of the blue-white boundary on the right measuring scale (specific gravity)
4. Cleaning after measurement
Clean the pn'sm and the transparent cup with a damp cloth and carefully place the device in to the case. To wet the cloth, use Desident CaviCide spray
General procedures during the experiments for all volunteers
1. At the commencement of the experiment, note the time, collect your urine and measure its volume. Keep a small sample for measurement ot specific gravity
2. Immediately after the collection of the f rst sample, drink the required solution (except control) Once you have drunk this solution, do not drink anything else during the laboratory.
3. Continue to collect urine approximately every 20 minutes, noting the time at which the bladder is emptied to the nearest minute
4. It will be found most convenient for each subject to be his or her own timekeeper; there is no necessity for the subjects to keep in step with each other The essential thing is that the intervals between uhnatlon are accurately recorded.
Cautions
-L Do not volunteer to be a subject In this laboratory class if you are suffering from kidney or circulatory problems, have any other medical problem or are on any
medications
Ji Urine Is a potentially Infectious body fluid. Therefore, students are directly responsible for all measurements of the volume and specific gravity of their own urine, and are required to clean up any spilt urine themselves.
_
LabTutor Lo°out (x)
KidneyS EN_1 Background Back Next
[ 4 of 14: Protocols ▼ ^ (©)
Experimental protocols:
There are four different protocols.
Protocol 1: Control - no fluid intake during experiment.
1. Drink nothing during this laboratory and collect specimens of urine each 20 minutes or so.
2. Measure the volume and specific gravity of your urine and then dispose of the sample down the toilet.
3. Enter the volume and specific gravity of the sample into your own table.
Protocol 2: To illustrate a normal water diuresis.
1. Drink 800 mL of Solution 2. then collect specimens of urine each 20 minutes or so.
2. Measure the volume and specific gravity of your urine and then dispose of the sample down the toilet.
3. Enter the volume and specific gravity of the sample into your own table.
Protocol 3: To illustrate effects of drinking the equivalent of an isosmotic sodium chloride solution.
1. Drink 300 mL of Solution 3, then collect specimens of urine each 20 minutes or so.
2. Measure the volume and specific gravity of your urine and then dispose of the sample down the toilet.
3. Enter the volume and specific gravity of the sample into your own table
Protocol 4: To illustrate effects of drinking a hyperosmotic glucose solution.
1. Drink 300 mL of Solution 4: then collect specimens of urine each 20 minutes or so.
2. Measure the volume and specific gravity of your urine and then dispose of the sample down the toilet.
3. Enter the volume and specific gravity of the sample into your own table.
_
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
0 g«
Background
14: Sample 1: 0 min
0 @
Hext
00
Back Next
Sample 1: 0 min
After collecting the first sample complete the fields in the table below, for each different protocol (Sample 1: 0 min). You must record the time in minutes that you last urinated) before you came to the laboratory
Protocol 1: Control %i	
Sample No.	1 Time {min)     | Volume {mL) | Flow {mL/min) Specific Gravity
Priorto lab	
Sample 1 [0 min)	0
	Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution ^	
IE	Sample No.	1 Time {min)     | Volume {mL) | Flow {mL/min) Specific Gravity
	Priorto lab	
	Sample 1 [0 min)	0
Protocol 1: Hypo sm otic Solution I^=|	
Sample No.	1 Time {min)     | Volume (mL) | Flow (mL/min) SpecificGravity |
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min)	D
	Protocol 4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution ^	
	Sample No.	1 Time {min)     | Volume {mL) | Flow (mL/min) | SpecificGravity |
	Priorto lab	
	Sample 1 [0 min)	0
Protocol 1: Control- HeptaPhan Test
Sample No. pH    Proteins   Glucose  Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin Blood
Sample 1 (G min)
Protocol 3: Is osmotic Sodium Chloride Solution - HeptaPhan Test l^=)
SampleNo. pH    Proteins | Glucose | Ketones] Urobilinogen   Bilirubin | Blood
Sample 1 (G min)
Protocol 2: Hyposmotk:Solution - HeptaPhan Test
SampleNo. pH    Proteins   Glucose Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin Blood
Sample 1 [0 min)
Protocol 4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution - HeptaPhan Test
Sample No. pH    Proteins   Glucose Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin Blood
Sample 1 [0 min)
Study Question
While waiting to collect the next sample, answer the following question.
1.   What changes in urine output do you expect to see in each of the protocols during this laboratory?
I Protocol 1 -Control
I Proto co I 2 - Hy po sm otic Solution
I Protocol 3 - Isosmotic Sodium ChIoride Solution
Protocol 4 - Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution
_
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
®c
£ of 14: Sample 2: 20 min
D ®
Logout ^() Back Next
00
Sample 2: 20 min
After collecting the 20 minute sample complete the fields in the tables below, for each different protocol.
Protocol 1: Control
Sample No.           | Time {min)     | Volume [mL)	Flow {ml_/min)	Specific Gravity
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min] 0		
Sample 2 [20 min)		
		
Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution L^ä		
Sample No.           | Time {min)     | Volume [mL)	Flow {ml_/min)	Specific Gravity
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0		
Sample 2 [20 min)		
Protocol 2: Hypo sm otic Solution ^		
Sample No.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)	Flow{mL/min)	SpecificGravity
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0		
Sample 2 [20 min)		
		
Protocol4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution ^		
Sample No.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)	Flow{mL/min)	SpecificGravity
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0		
Sample 2 [20 min)		
Protocol 1: Control HeptaPhan Test ^	
Sample No.	pH 1 Proteins | Glucose  Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin  Blood |
Sample 1 [0 min)	
Sample 2 [20 min)	
Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution - HeptaPhan Test
I pH I Proteins | Glucose | Ketones- Urobilinogen | Bilirubin | Blood
I Sample 1 [0 min) I Sample 2 [20 min)
Protocol 1: HyposmoticSolution - HeptaPhan Test
Sample No. pH    Proteins   Glucose Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin Blood
Sample 1 [0 min) Sample 2 [20 min)
Protocol4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution - HeptaPhan Test
Sample No._| pH | Proteins | Glucose | Ketones| Urobilinogen | Bilirubin | Bio od |
Sample 1 [0 min) Sample 2 [20 min)
Urine Flow Rate
[
Protocol 1 Protocol 2 Protocol 3 Protocol -4
:: too
Time (ruin)
		Urine Specific Gravity	
			
HI ~= 1 V ■ o. H vi			
	a	50 too Time (min)	150
Study Questions
While waiting to collect the next sample, answer the following questions. 2.   What is the osmolality of the fluid in the interstitial space in the renal cortex? Is it the same throughout that space?
3.   What is the osmolality of the fluid in the interstitial space in the renal medulla? Is it the same throughout that space?
_
La bTu tor-Kidneys EN_1
©c
7 of 14: Sample 3: 40 min
0 ®
Logout ^ Back Next
00
Sample 3: 40 min
After collecting the 40 minute sample complete the fields in the table below, for each different protocol.
Protocol 1: Control %			
Sample No.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)	Flow {mL/min)	Specific Gravity	
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z{Z0 min)			
Sample3{4Q min)			
			
Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution ^			
Sample No.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)    Flow [mL/min) Specific Gravity			
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z{Z0 min)			
Sample3{4Q min)			
Urine Flow Rate
Time (min]
■	Protocol 1
H ♦	Protocol 2
1+	Protocol 3
I'	Protocol 4
Protocol 2: Hypoämotic Solution ^			
Sample No.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)	Flow{mL/min)| Specific Gravity		
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z [Z0 min)			
Sample 3 {40. min)			
Protocol 4: Hype ros not ic Glucose Solution ^			
Sample No.           | Time {min)     | Volume {mL) | Flow (mL/min) | Specific Gravity			
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z [ZO min)			
Sample 3 {40 min)			
	Urine Specific Gravity	
		
a a H u ■ B-		
	0                                50 100	L50
	Time (min]	
Study Question
While waiting to collect the next sample, answer the following qjestion. 4.   What hormone is involved in regulating renal water excretion? What normally inhibits the
of this hormone?
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
(ft) ( *<x™
Logout
®
: Sample 4: 60 min
D ®
Back Hext
. 00
Sample 4: 60 min
After collecting the 60 minute sample complete the fields in the table below, for each different protocol.
Protocol 1: Control ^			
Sample No.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)    Flow [ml_/min) Specific Gravity			
Prior to lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample 2 {20 min) Sample 3 {40 miri)			
Sample 4 [60 min)			
			
Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution ^			
SampleNo.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)    Flow [ml_/min)		Specific Gravity	
Prior to lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample 2 [20 min) Sample 3 [40 min)			
Sample 4 [60 min)			
			
Urine Flow Rate
Time (min)
[
Protocol 1 Protocol 2 Protocols Protocol 4
Protocol 2: Hyposmo:ic Solution ^			
Sample No.           | Time {min)     | Volume [mL) | Flow{mL/min)| Specific Gravity			
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample 2(20 min) Sample 3 [40 min)			
Sample4{50 min)			
			
Protocol4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution ^			
Sample No.           | Time {min)     | Volume {mL) | Flow{ml_/min)| Specific Gravity			
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 5ample 2 [20 m n) Sampled {40 m n)			
Sample4 [60 m n)			
		Urine Specific Gravity	
			
3 u El c ■1 ü ■ a 1 w			
	0	50 100 Time (ruin]	1 150
Study Question
While waiting to collect the next sample, answer the following question.
5.   In question 4 you stated what normally inhibits the release of the hormone controlling water excretion. From your own experience, identify two situations where this inhibition is over-ridden. For each situation explain the physiological advantage of over-riding this inhibition.
_
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
(ft) 0°M4
Sample 5: SO min
0
L°o™«(x)
Back Next
00
Sample 5: 80 min
After collecting the 80 minute sample complete the fields in the table below, for each different protocol.
Protocol 1: Control ^		
Sample No.	1 Time {m	n)     1 Volume (mL)    Flow£mL/min) Specific Gravity |
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) Sample Z [ZD min) Sample 3 [40 min) Sample 4 [60 min)	0	
Sample 5 [30 min)		
Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution 1^]			
SampleNo.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)	Flow£mL/min)	SpecificGravity	
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z£Z0 min) Sample 3 £40 m n) Sample 4 [60 m n)			
Sample 5 {90 m n)			
Urine Flow Fiate
Time (min)
■	Protocol 1
	Protocol 2
n ♦	Protocols
I'	Protocol 4
Protocol 2: Hyposmotic Solution 1^]	
H SampleNo.	| Time (min)     | Volume £mL)    Flow£mL/min) Specific Gravity |
H Priorto lab HI Sample 1 [0 min) QU Sample Z [Z0 min) H Sample 3 £40 min) H Sample 4 [50 min) H Sample 5 [80 min)	I
Protocol* Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution 1^]			
SampleNo.            Time [min)      Volume [mL)	Flow£mL/min)	SpecificGravity	
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 SampleZ£Z0 min) Sample 3 £40 min) Sample 4 [50 min)			
Sample 5 £a0 min)			
		Urine Specific Gravity	
			
Specific Gravi			
	o	50 100 Time (min)	L50
Study Question
While waiting to collect the next sample, answer the following question. S.   From your data collected so fan estimate the maximum volume of water that you could drink over sixty minutes while still remaining in water balance?
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
10 of 14: Sample S: 100min
D ®
'OL
Logout Back Next
00
Sample 6: 100 min
After collecting the 100 minute sample complete the fields in the table below, for each different protocol.
Protocol 1: Control
Sample No.            Time [min)	1 Volume {mL) | Flow {ml_/min) | Specific Gravity |
Priorto lab	
Sample 1 [0 min) 0	
Sample2{20 min)	
Sampled {40 min)	
Sample4{60 min)	
Sample 5 [80 min)	
Sample 6 [100 min)	
	
Protocol 3: Is o s mo t k Sodium Chloride Solution			
SampleNo.            Time (min)     1 Volume{rnL)	Flow {me/mm)	SpecificGravity	
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample2{20 min) Sampled {-10 min) Sample4{60 min) Sample 5 {90 min)			
Sample 6 [100 min)			
			
Urine Flow Rate
Time (min]
•	Protocol 1
-•-	Proto col 2
♦	Protocols
	Protocols
Protocol 2: Hyposmotic Solution ^			
SampleNo.           | Time [min)     | Volume£ml_)	Flow {ml_/min) Specific Gravity		
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample 2 [20 min) Sample 3 [40 min) Sample 4 [60 min) Sample 5 [80 min)			
Sample 6 [100 min)			
Protocol 4: Hyperosmotic G In cos e Solution ^			
SampleNo.           1 Time [mín)     1 Volume£ml_)	Flow{ml_/min) SpecificGravity		
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample 2 [20 min) Sample 3 [40 min) Sample4[60 min) Sample 5 {80 min)			
Sample 6 [100 min)			
			
		Urine Specific Gravity	
			
Pel -= H * ■ C			
	0	Time (mir]	150
Study Question
While waiting to collect the next sample, answer the following question. 7.   What would happen if your water intake over sixty minutes significantly exceeded the maximal volume you could excrete in this period? Why could this be life threatening?
_
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
©c
11 of 14: Sample 7:120 min
D ®
Logout Back Next
00
Sample 7: 120 min
After collecting the 120 minute sample complete the fields in the table below, for each different protocol.
Protocol 1: Control ^			
SampleNo.           | Time (min)     | Volume [mL)	Flow{mL/min)| Specific Gravity		
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) u SampleZ{20 m n) Sample 3 {40 m n) Sample 4 [60 m n) Sample 5 {30 m n) Sample 5 [100 min)			
Sample 7{1Z0 min)			
			
Protocol 2: Hyposmotk Solution L^]	
Sample No.	1 Time {min)     | Volume (mL) | Flow {mL/min) Specific Gravity |
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) Sample Z [ZO min) Sample 3 [40 min) Sample 4 [50 min) Sample 5 [30 min) Sample 6 [100 min) Sample 7 [ÍZO min)	□
	
Protocol 3: Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution ^			
Sample No.           | Time (min)     | Volume [mL)	Flow {mL/min)	Specific Gravity	
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z [Z0 min) Sample 3 {40 min) Sample 4 [60 min) Sample 5 {SO min) Sample 5 {100 min)			
Sample 7{1Z0 min)			
Protocol 4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution ^			
Sample No.           | Time {min)     | Volume {mL)	Flow [mL/min) Specific Gravity		
Priorto lab Sample 1 [0 min) 0 Sample Z [ZO min) Sample 3 [40 min) Sample4{50 min) Sample 5 [30 min) Sample 6 [100 min)			
Sample 7 [ÍZO min)			
Protocol 1: Control- HeptaPhan Test
i*
SampleNo. pH    Proteins | Glucose | Ketones] Urobilinogen   Bilirubin | Blood
Sample 1 [0 min) Sample2{20 min) Sample 3 {40 min)
Protocol 2: Hyposmotk Solution - HeptaPhan Test
i*
Sample No. Sample 1 [0 min) Sample Z [ZO min) Sample 3 [40 min)
pH I Proteins | Glucose | Ketones] Urobilinogen | Bilirubin | Blood
Protocol 3: Isosnotic Sodium Chloride Solution - HeptaPhan Test
SampleNo. pH    Proteins | Glucose | Ketones) Urobilinogen   Bilirubin | Blood
Sample 1 [0 min) Sample Z{20 min) Sample -3 {40 min)
Protocol4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution - HeptaPhan Test
Sample No. | pH
I Sample 1 [0 min) I Sample Z [ZO min) I Sample 3 [40 min)
Proteins | Glucose | Ketones) Urobilinogen | Bilirubin | Blood
Urine Flow Rate
100
Time (min)
		Urine Specific Gravity	
			
Specific Gravi			
	0	50 LOO Time (min)	150
Protocol 1 Protocol 2 Protocol 3 Protocol 4
Study Question
Before continuing to the analysis pages, answer the following qjestions. S_   Provide a physiological explanation for the results for the isosmotic sodium chloride solution and the hyposmotic solution (Protocol 3 - green vs Protocol 2 - blue}?
9.   Provide a physiological explanation for the results for the hyperosmotic glucose solution and the hyposmotic solution (Protocol 4 - pink vs Protocol 2 - blue)?
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
^ 12 ot 14: Analysis 1
Logout Back Next
®
D ®
00
Analysis 1: Flow and Osmolality
Composite final results for flow and osmolarity, for all four protocols, are shown below.
		Urine Specific Gravity	
			
Specific Grav			
	1 0	1           i           1 i 50 100 Time (min)	1 150
Protocol 1 Protocol 2 Protocol 3 Protocol 4
Urine Flow Rate
la
SampleNo.	Protocol 1 Flow [mL/min)	Protocol 2 Flow£mt/min)	Protocol 3 Flow [mt/min)	Protocol 4 Flow [mt/min)	
Sample 1 Sample Z					
					
Sample 3					
Sample 4					
Sample 5					
Sample 5					
Sample 7					
					
Urine Specific Gravity		in
SampleNo.   Protocol 1        1 Protocol 2        1 Protocols | Specific Gravity | Specific Gravity | Specific Gravity	Protocol 4 SpecificGravity	
		
IsampleZ		
Isample3		
Sample 4		
Sample 5		
Sample 5		
Sample 7		
		
10.   Reflect on your predictions for the trends of each protocol in the spaces below. Note that your original answers are shown but should not be changed.
I Protocol 1 - Control [Prediction)
I Protocol 1-Control [Result)
Protocol Z - Hyposmotic Solution [Prediction)
I Protocol Z - Hyposmotic Solution [Result)
I Protocol 3 -IsosmoticSodium Chloride Solution [Prediction)
I Proto co I 3 - Isosm otic Sodium Chloride Solution [Result)
Protocols - Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution [Prediction)
Protocols - Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution [Result)
LabTutor
Kidneys EN_1
®c
13 of 14: Analysis 2
} ®
Logout Back Next
00
Urine Flow and Specific Gravity Relationship
The graph below shows a scatterplot of urine flow in relationship to specific gravity for your results Relationship between Urine Flow Rate and Specific Gravity
Flow (niL/min]
Study Question
11 _   Explain the relationship, shown in the graph above, between the urine flow rate and specific gravity
\
LabTutor3
Kidneys EN_1
®c
Background
14 of 14: The Report
} ®
Logout lack Next
®©0 00
Submit    Email Print
Study Questions
Check your answers to the questions from each of the Sample pages, as shown below. 1.   What changes in urine output do yoj expert !□ see in each of the protocols?
In Progress
Started
U n kn own
I Protocol 1 - Control [Prediction)
Protocol Z - Hyposmotic Solution [Prediction)
Protocol 3 - Isosmotic Sodium Chloride Solution [Prediction)
I Protocols - Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution [Prediction)
What is the osmolality of the fluid in the interstitial space in the renal cortex? Is it the same throughout thai space?
What is the osmolality of the fluid in the interstitial space in the renal medulla? Is it the same throughout thai space?
What hormone is involved in regulating renal water excretion? What normally inhibits the release of this hormone?
In question 4 you stated what normally inhibits the release of the hormone controlling water excretion. From your own experience, identify two situations where this inhibition is o^er-ridden. For each situation explain the physiological advantage of over-riding this inhibition.
Results: Flow and Specific gravity
Urine Flow Fiate
Time (niiri)
	■	Protocol 1
		Protocol 2
	♦	Protocol 3
	-*-	Protocols
		Urine Flow Rate	
Sample No.	Protocol 1	Protocol2        1 Protocol 3	Protocol 4
	Flow{mL/min)	Flow{mL/min)   | Flow{mL/min)	Flow [mL/min)
Sample 1			
Isample2			
Sample 3			
Sample 4			
Sample 5			
Sample 6			
Sample 7			
			
Urine Specific Gravity
50 lOfl Tinie (min]
	•	Protocol 1
		Protocol 2
□	♦	Protocol 3
	-*-	Protocol 4
		Urine Specific Gravity	
Sample No.	Protocol 1 SpecificGravity	Protocols         Protocol 3 Specific Gravity | Specific Gravity	Protocol 4 SpecificGravlty
Sample 1			
Sample 2			
Sample 3			
Sample 4			
Sample 5			
Sample 6			
Sample 7			
			
From your data, estimate the maximum volume of water that you could drink over sixty minutes while still remaining in water balance?
What would happen if your water intake over sixty minutes significantly exceeded the maximal volume you could excrete in this period? Why could this be life threatening?
Provide a physiological explanation for the results for the isosmotic sodium chloride solution and the hyposmotic solution (Protocol 3 - green vs Protocol 2 - blue}?
9.   Provide a physiological explanation for the results for the hyperosmotic glucose solution and the hyposmotic solution (Protocol 4 - pink vs Protocol 2 - blue}?
10.   Reflect on your predictions for the trends of each protocol in the spaces below.
Protocol 1 -Control [Result)
Protocol 2-Hyposmotic Solution [Result)
	Protocol 3 -IsosmoticEodium Chloride Solution [F	ESU*)
Í		
z		
<		
Protocol 4-Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution [Result)
Analysis: Urine Flow and Specific Gravity Relationship
Relationship between Urine Flow Rate and Specific Gravity
Flow (niL/min)
11.   Explain the relationship, shown in the graph above, between the urine flow rate and specific gravity
Results: HeptaPhan Test
	Protocol 1: Control - HeptaPhan Test ^		
«I	Sample No.	pH 1 Proteins | Glucose | Ketones- Urobilinogen	Bilirubin  Blood |
I TabI	Sample 1{Q min) Sample 2{2Ü min) Sample3{4ü min)		
	Protocol 2: Hyposmotk: solution - HeptaPhan Test ^
	SampleNo.          pH | Proteins   Glucose Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin  Blood |
	Sample 1 {G min)
	Sample 2{2Ü min)
	Sample 3 {4Q min)
v	Protocol 3: IsosmoticSodium Chloride Solution - HeptaPhan Test L^]
	SampleNo.        | pH | Proteins | Glucose Ketones Urobilinogen   Bilirubin Blood |
	Sample 1 [0 min)
	Sample 2(20 min)
	Sample3[40 min)
	Protocol 4: Hyperosmotic Glucose Solution - HeptaPhan Test lp=i
	SampleNo.         | pH | Proteins | Glucose | Ketones| Urobilinogen   Bilirubin | Blood
	Sample 1 [0 min)
	Sample 2 [20 min)
	Sample 3 [40 min)