SEMINAR 2 Basic Medical Terminology II Revision of adjectives Connect to make meaningful phrases partes processus sulcus ruptura carcinoma sanatio caries bursa inflammatio lamina fractura therapia operatio remedium —columna vertebralis —vertebrae lumbales —nervus radialis —ligamentum teres —colon descendens —herpes simplex —dentes permanentes —musculus biceps brachii —appendix vermiformis —os ethmoidale —ossa nasalia —morbus exacerbans —trauma grave —febris recurrens columnae vertebralis vertebrarum lumbalium nervi radialis ligamenti teretis coli descendentis herpetis simplicis dentium permanentium musculi bicipitis brachii appendicis vermiformis ossis ethmoidalis ossium nasalium morbi exacerbantis traumatis gravis febris recurrentis Comparison of adjectives —Adjectives can express different levels of quality ¡1st level – POSITIVE ÷the base form of an adjective ÷in English: good, small, easy ¡2nd level – COMPARATIVE ÷expresses a higher degree of some quality in comparison with ÷ other individuals /objects ÷in English: better, smaller, easier ¡3rd level – SUPERLATIVE ÷expresses the highest degree of some quality in comparison with other individuals /objects ÷in English: the best, the smallest, the easiest ÷ ¡ Types of comparison —In Latin, as well as in English, there exist various ways of comparing adjectives: ¡regular ÷comparatives and superlatives are formed using suffixes ÷in English: small, smaller, the smallest ¡irregular ÷comparatives and superlatives have irregular forms ÷in English: good, better, the best ¡periphrastic ÷a multi-word expression having the same role as an inflectional construction, adverbial intensifiers are used ÷in English: intelligent, more intelligent, the most intelligent ¡incomplete ÷no positive form of adjective, only comparatives (and superlatives) exist ÷ ¡ Regular comparison - comparative —Positive ¡LONGUS, A, UM gen. LONG-I, LONG-AE, LONG-I ¡BREVIS, E gen. BREV-IS —Comparative ¡genitive stem + comparative suffixes -ior (m.+f.), -ius (n.) ¡genitive ending for all 3 genders: -ioris ¡declined like 3rd declension consonant stems, ¡ i.e. DOLOR (m. + f.) and CORPUS (n.) — LONGIOR, LONGIUS, gen. LONGIORIS — BREVIOR, BREVIUS, gen. BREVIORIS Declining comparatives singular plural nom. brevior brevius breviores breviora gen. brevioris breviorum acc. breviorem brevius breviores breviora abl. breviore brevioribus Comparative forms are declined according to paradigms: DOLOR (M., F.) and CORPUS (N.). Genitive ending for all 3 genders: – IORIS. E.g.: simplex, simplicis -> simplicior (m., f.), simplicius (n.) -> gen. sg.: simplicioris (m., f., n.) latus, a, um -> latior (m., f.), latius (n.) -> gen. sg.: latioris (m., f., n.) KOncovky do prezentácií.png Latin and Greek declensions Regular comparison - superlative —Positive ¡LONGUS, A, UM gen. LONG-I, LONG-AE, LONG-I ¡BREVIS, E gen. BREV-IS —Superlative ¡genitive stem + superlative suffixes -issimus (m.), ¡ -issima (f.), -issimum (n.) ¡declined like 1st and 2nd declension adjectives, ¡ i.e. MUSCULUS (m.), VENA (f.), SEPTUM (n.) ¡LONGISSIMUS, A, UM ¡BREVISSIMUS, A, UM KOncovky do prezentácií.png Latin and Greek declensions Irregular and incomplete comparison oIrregular comparison omagnus, a, um major, majus maximus, a, um oparvus, a, um minor, minus minimus, a, um oIncomplete comparison oforms used to describe positions on the human body, derived from prepositions, having only comparative and superlative forms oante anterior, ius opost posterior, ius postremus, a, um osupra superior, ius supremus, a, um oinfra inferior, ius infimus/imus, a, um ointra interior, ius intimus, a, um ÷ All of these forms are regularly declined ÷according to the paradigms specified above!!! Use of comparatives in anatomy —In anatomical terminology, comparative forms are used to differentiate two structures of the same kind (e.g. by expressing their location): ¡circulatio sanguinis major / minor ¡cornu majus / minus ossis hyoidei ¡vena cava superior / inferior Use of comparatives in anatomy 1 cartilago lateralis 2 concha nasalis inferior 3 concha nasalis media 4concha nasalis superior 5 5sinus sphenoidalis 6 6septum nasi Use of comparatives in anatomy Use of comparatives in anatomy praesentatio occipitis / occipitalis anterior posterior Use of comparatives in anatomy Use of superlatives in anatomy —In anatomical terminology, superlative forms are used to express the highest degree of some quality in one of more than two structures of the same kind. Use of superlatives in anatomy — Use of superlatives in anatomy — Form comparatives and superlatives POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE parvus, a, um brevis, e fortis, e acutus, a, um magnus, a, um longus, a,um gravis, e profundus, a, um latus, a, um minor, minus minimus, a, um maior, maius longior, ius gravissimus, a, um gravior, ius profundissimus, a, um profundior, ius latior, ius latissimus, a, um brevior, ius fortissimus, a, um fortior, ius acutior, ius acutissimus, a um maximus, a, um longissimus, a, um brevissimus, a, um Fill in comparatives and superlatives in correct forms (Handout 2.2, task 3) —minimus, a, um musculus abductor digiti __________ —minor,minus cornu _______ ossis hyoidei —superior, ius defectus arcus dentalis____________ —intimus,a,um musculi intercostales___________ —inferior,ius amputatio membri ___________ —imus, a,um arteriae lumbales __________ —anterior, ius peritoneum parietale ___________ —latissimus,a,um ruptura musculi ___________ dorsi —posterior, ius arteria temporalis profunda ________ superioris minus inferioris imae intimi latissimi anterius posterior minimi Create meaningful diagnoses —pro / dosis / infantibus / maxima ¡dosis maxima pro infantibus —oris / chronicum / superioris / ulcus / labii ¡ulcus chronicum labii superioris oris —sepsim / propter / lateris / amputatio / membri / sinistri / inferioris ¡amputatio membri inferioris lateris sinistri propter sepsim —gastritidis / minoris / suspicio / gradus ¡suspicio gastritidis gradus minoris —inferioris / dextri / rami / et / ossis / fractura / superioris / pubis / lateris ¡fractura rami superioris et inferioris ossis pubis lateris dextri Decide whether the following sentences are true or false (Handout 2.2, task 5) 1. Pelvis feminina levior est. 2. Pelvis masculina latior est. 3. Apertura superior pelvis femininae major est. 4. Cavitas pelvis femininae angustior est. 5. Os sacrum pelvis masculinae brevius est. 6. Os sacrum pelvis femininae latius est. 7. Foramina obturatoria pelvis femininae majora sunt. 8. Acetabula feminina majora sunt. 9. Coccyx feminina brevior est. 10. Angulus alarum ossis ilii masculini minor est. 11. Promontorium femininum minus est. 12. Symphysis pubica feminina longior est. True False ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Translate (Handout 2.2, task 6) —more severe injury ¡trauma gravius —bigger sublingual duct ¡ductus sublingualis major —in the upper hollow vein ¡in vena cava superiore —the longest muscle of the upper limb ¡musculus longissimus membri superioris —lesser (= smaller) curvature of stomach ¡curvatura gastrica (ventricularis) minor —posterior deep temporal artery ¡arteria temporalis profunda posterior — Translate (Handout 2.2, task 6) —fracture of the middle phalanx of the smallest finger ¡fractura phalangis mediae digiti minimi —the most recent infarction ¡infarctus recentissimus —the innermost layer of oesophagus ¡tunica intima oesophagi —amputation of the lower limb due to gangrene caused by diabetes mellitus ¡amputatio membri inferioris propter ganraenam e diabeta mellito Give correct Latin anatomical terms Introduction to word-formation —In medical terminology, the following word-formation processes are used: —1) Derivation ¡ a) Prefix: ante-brachium; ana-lysis ¡ b) Suffix: brachi-alis; nephr-itis ¡ c) Prefix + suffix: ante-brachi-alis; para-nephr-itis —2) Composition: prim-i-para; pneum-o-thorax —3) Derivation + composition: — nas-o-lacrim-alis; haemat-ur-ia —4) Abbreviations: DM; CT; HIV, AIDS —5) Borrowings: shock; stress —6) Eponyms: Alzheimer’s disease (named after Alois Alzheimer) DM = Diabetes mellitus CT = Computer Tomography HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS = Acquired Immune Defficiency Syndrome WORD ROOT PREFIX SUFFIX PORT RE PORT IM PORT SUP PORT EX PORT TRANS PORT PORT ER PORT ABLE TRANS PORT ABILITY Basic terminology: 3 component parts of words PREFIXES —ORIGIN: LATIN/GREEK prepositions —ROLE: SPECIFY/RESTRICT/CHANGE/ALTER the meaning of the derived word ¡ad-ductor vs. ab-ductor —POSITION: AT the BEGINNING of the word —MEANING: ¡TIME/PLACE ¡DEGREE ¡DEVIATION/NORMALITY ¡ ¡ ¡ SUFFIXES —ROLE: SPECIFY/RESTRICT/CHANGE/ALTER the meaning of the derived word ¡e.g.: teach vs. teacher ¡e.g. adductio vs. adductor ¡e.g. nephrosis, nephritis, nephroma —POSITION: AT the END of the word —MEANING: ¡NOUN suffixes: STATE, QUALITY, TYPE OF DISEASE,... ¡ADJECTIVE suffixes: RELATION, POSSIBILITY, ABILITY, SHAPE etc. ¡ ¡ ¡ Diminutives —Diminutives are words indicating small size: ¡e.g.: duckling, kitty, sweetie, Maggie,... —In Latin, a diminutive is formed from a noun by the addition — of a suffix to its genitive stem: ¡-(i)culus, a, um e.g. canaliculus (small canal) ¡-ulus, a, um e.g. capitulum (small head) ¡-olus, a, um e.g. alveolus (small cavity or pit) ¡-illus, a, um e.g. pupilla (pupil; dark circular aperture at the centre of the iris of the eye) ¡-ellus, a, um e.g. cerebellum (posterior brain mass, “small brain”) —Latin diminutives are always of the same gender as the nouns — they are derived from!!! — Diminutives in anatomy 37corpusculum renale 38 38 glomerulus 39 39capsula glomerularis caput humeri x capitulum humeri cuticula unguis glomus, eris, n. Diminutives in anatomy papilla mammae 19 lobi glandulae mammariae 23 lobuli glandulae mammariae 24 areola mammae 27 glandulae areolares 28 27 ligg. suspensoria mammaria 31 Diminutives in anatomy — lingula (< lingua) —= little projection, process —E.g.: sphenoidalis — pulmonis sinistri — mandibulae lingula.jpg caput, itis, n. nodus, i, m. lingua, ae, f. cutis, is, f. cerebrum, i, n. os, ossis, n. vena, ae, f. genu, us, n. canalis, is, m. arteria, ae, f. Give nouns from which the following diminutives are derived (Handout 2.4, task 1) dens, dentis, m. vas, vasis, n. area, ae, f. lobulus ductulus valvula musculus anulus venula fossula glandula corpusculum auricula Form diminutives (Handout 2.4, task 2) ventriculus circulus frenulum tuberculum — A 16-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital after being found unconscious in a snow bank at 6 a.m. on New Year's Day. He had been well until the night before admission, when he attended a party where alcohol was consumed. He was last seen at approximately 11 p.m. Approximately 2 hours later, his friends and family noticed his absence and notified police; a search was begun. At approximately 6 a.m., he was found unconscious in a snowbank by local firefighters and police officers. The ambient temperature was −15°C (5°F), with a wind-chill factor of approximately −29°C (−20°F). He was partially undressed —with his pants down and his right boot off; —his limbs were buried in the snow, and —a layer of ice surrounded his right foot. —Diagnosis: —Stage 3 hypothermia. —Stage 3 frostbite with diffuse distal —small-vessel thrombosis and impending —partial limb loss. Hypothermia gradus tertii. Congelatio gradus tertii cum thrombosi vasculorum distali diffusa Periculum amputationis partialis membri (extremitatis) / amputatio partialis imminens