Adobe Systems Physiology department 1 Physiology of reproduction. Adobe Systems 2 Hypothalamus – hypophysis – gonads Adobe Systems 3 Hypothalamus – hypophysis – gonads Adobe Systems 4 Hypothalamus – hypophysis – gonads Adobe Systems 5 Hypothalamus – hypophysis – gonads Adobe Systems 6 Menstrual cycle follicle selection ovulation corpus luteum 37◦ 36◦ LH FSH E P menstruation 1 14 28 1 follicular phase luteal phase Adobe Systems 7 Negative feedback HYPOTHALAMUS GnRH LH LH FSH FSH INHIBIN HYPOFYSIS PROGESTINS ESTROGENS ANDROGENS Adobe Systems 8 Positive feedback HYPOTHALAMUS GnRH LH LH FSH FSH HYPOFYSIS ESTROGENS ANDROGENS Adobe Systems 9 Ovarian cycle corpus haemorraghicum dominant follicle primary follicle ovum corpus luteum corpus albicans primordial follicles Adobe Systems 10 Menstrual cycle follicle selection ovulation corpus luteum 37◦ 36◦ LH FSH E P proliferative phase secretory phase menstruation 1 14 28 1 menstruation Adobe Systems 11 Functions of the PLACENTA ̶TRANSPOR function ̶Respiratory gases ̶transport and metabolism of sacharides ̶transport and metabolism of aminoacods ̶transport and metabolism of fat ̶transport of H2O, minerals and vitamines ̶ENDOCRIN function ̶Estrogens ̶Progesteron ̶HCG ̶HPL ̶Growth factors (epidermal and insulin-like growth factors) ̶PROTECTIV function ̶Cytochrom P450 ̶Pinocytosis (IgG) ̶Barier against bacterias, virus etc. ̶ Adobe Systems 12 HCG 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) ―Glycoprotein ―secreted by the syncytial trophoblast cells ―prevents involution of the corpus luteum ― prevent menstruation and cause the endometrium to continue to grow ―can first be measured in the blood 8 to 9 days after implantation ―effect on the fetal testes ―↓ - ectopic pregnancy, dead fetus ―↑ - multiple pregnancy and diagnosis of trisomy 21 - Down syndrome Adobe Systems 13 HCG Adobe Systems 14 RX 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 RX RX (Relaxin) ―relaxes the pubic symphysis and other pelvic joints and softens ―dilates the uterine cervix ―mediate hemodynamic changes (pregnancy) Adobe Systems 15 RX Adobe Systems 16 HCS/HPL HCS/HPL 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 HCS (Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin) placental growth hormone - Human placental lactogen (hPL) ―has weak actions similar of growth hormone ―causes retention of nitrogen, potassium, calcium ―causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased utilization of glucose in the mother ―secretion of this hormone increases progressively in direct proportion to the weight of the placenta Adobe Systems 17 PROL 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 PROL PROL (Prolactin) luteotropic hormone or luteotropin ―stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (lactation) ―provides the body with sexual gratification after sexual acts ―plays an important role in maternal behavior ―inhibits maturation of ovum Adobe Systems 18 OX 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 OX OX (Oxytocin) ―secreted by the neurohypophysis (nucleus paraventricularis) ―causes uterine contraction ―mediates the let-down reflex Adobe Systems 19 OX Adobe Systems 20 Progesteron P 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 P (Progesteron) ―causes decidual cells to develop in the uterine endometrium ―decreases the contractility of the pregnant uterus ―contributes to the development of the conceptus even before implantation ―prepares the mother’s breasts for lactation Adobe Systems 21 Estroen E 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 E (Estrogen) ―enlargement of the mother’s uterus ―enlargement of the mother’s breasts and growth of the breast ductal structure ―and enlargement of the mother’s female external genitalia ― relax the pelvic ligaments of the mother ―dampen the formation of the pituitary gonadotropins - not mature further follicles, miss menstrual cycles Adobe Systems 22 HCG P E HPL 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 PROL OX RX Adobe Systems 23 Fetoplacental unit FETUS HPA axis CORTISOL PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE AXIS UTERINE GROWTH ACTIVATION STIMULATION EXTENSION OF UTERUS P E (+) (-) •oxytocin •PGs •Gap junctions PARTURITION GROWTH OF FETUS Adobe Systems 24 FETOPLACENTAL UNIT MATERNAL COMPARTMENT hypotalamus neurohypophysis oxytocin cortisol FETUS cortisol hypotalamus adenohypophysis ardenal glands cortisol CRH ACTH (preparation of fetal organs) cortisol uterus PGs placental OT estrogens cholesterol placental CRH (vazodilation of the placenta) PARTURITION Fetoplacental unit Adobe Systems 25 Lactation Adobe Systems 26 Physiological changes during pregnancy Adobe Systems 27 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATENTION