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Department of Anatomy
Visual system
MUDr. Marek Joukal, Ph.D.
Visual system
Bulbus oculi
Orbita
Corpus adiposum orbitae
Organa oculi accessoria
Musculi bulbi et orbitae
Eylids (palpebrae)
Lacrimal apparatus (apparatus lacrimarius)
BULBUS OCULI
diameter:
sclera 22-24 mm; cornea 14-16 mm
polus anterior
polus posterior
meridiani
equator
axis bulbi externus
linea visus
Optical power + 60 D
Morphology of the eyeball
Tunica fibrosa (externa)
Sclera
Cornea
Tunica vasculosa (media)
Choroidea
Corpus ciliare
Iris
Tunica interna
Retina
TUNICA FIBROSA - SCLERA
4/5 of the eyeball
collagenous + elastic fibers
Mechanical protection, elastic
Color:
white (adulthood)
Light blue (childhood)
Light yellow (old)
TUNICA FIBROSA - SCLERA
limbus sclerae
insertion mm. recti (in front of equator)
(vasa ciliaria ant.)
sinus venosus sclerae
(Schlemm´s canal)
lamina cribrosa sclerae
(nn. ciliares breves + longi,
vasa ciliaria post.)
equator (vv. vorticocae)
spatium episclerale (vagina bulbi)
spatium perichoroidale
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TUNICA FIBROSA - CORNEA
Limbus cornae (sulcus sclerae)
Facies ant. cornae (vertex cornae, polus ant.)
Facies post. cornae (anterior chambre of the eye)
Morphology: epithelium ant.
substantia propria
endothelium cornae
Optical power + 40 D
Physiol. astigmatism (not more than ½ D)
(vertical curve 11 mm; horizontal curve 12 mm)
TUNICA VASCULOSA - CHOROIDEA
Fibrous membrane
Pigment cells (dark chamber)
spatium perichorioidale
vessels
aa. ciliares ant.
aa. ciliares post. breves
aa. ciliares post. longi
TUNICA VASCULOSA – CORPUS CILIARE
Corona ciliaris – processus ciliares, plicae ciliares
Orbiculus ciliaris
Zonula ciliaris – fibrae zonulares
Musculus ciliaris – fibrae circulares (narrows, relaxation of fibrae zon.)
fibrae meridionales
TUNICA VASCULOSA – IRIS
margo ciliaris
margo pupillaris (pupilla)
facies ant. iridis
facies post. iridis
STROMA IRIDIS
m. sphincter pupillae
(miosis, parasympathicus)
m. dilatator pupillae
(mydriasis, sympathicus)
pigment (eye color)
Arterial rings around iris
aa. ciliares ant.
aa. ciliares post. breves
aa. ciliares post. longi
circulus arteriosus iridis major
(around margo ciliaris)
circulus arteriosus iridis minor
(around margo pupillaris)
TUNICA INTERNA – RETINA
Pars caeca retinae
pars ciliaris retinae
pars iridica retinae
Ora serrata
Pars optica
fotoreceptors (cones, rods)
ora serrata
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FUNDUS OCULI
Macula lutea (3 mm diameter)
fovea centralis (linea visus)
Macula caeca (1,5 mm diameter)
discus n. optici, excavatio disci,
papilla n. optici,
Vasa centralia retinae
vasa nasalia retinae sup., inf.,
vasa temporalia retinae sup., inf.
(arteriolae et venulae maculares)
outer
segmentouter
segment
Morphology of the retina
Stratum pigmentosum
Stratum neuroepitheliale
cones (6-7 millions, macula lutea)
rods (120-130 millions)
Stratum ganglionare retinae
bipolar neurons
Stratum ganglionare n. optici
multipolar neurons
Visual pathway
1. neurons
rods, cones
2. neurons
bipolar neurons
3. neurons
multipolar neurons
4. neurons
corpus geniculatum laterale
Area 17, 18, 19
LENS CRYSTALINA
Facies anterior lentis (polus anterior lentis)
Facies posterior lentis (polus posterior lentis)
Equator lentis (fibrae zonulares)
Lens morphology
Capsula lentis
Substantia lentis (fibrae lentis)
Epithelium lentis
Cortex lentis
Nucleus lentis
Acomodation of the lens
a) Distant vision
b) Close vision (kontrakce m. ciliaris)
Optical power
+ 17 to + 20 D
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CORPUS VITREUM
Camera vitrea bulbi
Membrana vitrea
Stroma vitreum
Humor vitreus
Fossa hyaloidea
Canalis hyaloideus (a. hyaloidea)
Camera bulbi anterior
Camera bulbi posterior
Camera vitrea
Humor aquosus
Angulus iridocornealis
Lig. pectinatum anguli iridocornealis
Spatia iridocornealia
Sinus venosus sclerae
Venulae aquosae
CAMERAE BULBI
MUSCULI BULBI
m. rectus superior, inferior, medialis, lateralis
m. obliquus superior, inferior
m. levator palpebrae superioris
M. rectus superior, inferior, medialis, lateralis
O: anulus tendineus communis (Zinni)
I: to sclera infront of equator on its side
F: pulls bulbus on its side
M. obliquus bulbi superior
O: anulus tendineus comm., tendon around the trochlea
I: to sclera in posterior lateral quadrant behind equator
F: pulls bulbus lateral and inferior
M. obliquus inferior
O: behind crista lacrimalis post.
I: to sclera in posterior lateral quadrant behind equator
F: pulls bulbus lateral and superior
M. levator palpebrae superioris
O: anulus tendineus comm.
I: to tarsus sup + m. orbicularis oculi
F: elevates eyelid
FASCIAE ORBITALES
Periorbit – in fissura orbitalis inf. (m. orbitalis)
Vagina bulbi (Tennoni) – fibrous cover
fuses with fasciae of the muscles
Spatium episclerale – between vagina bulbi and eyeball
Corpus adiposum orbitae
fills the orbit and retrobulbar space
EYELIDS - PALPEBRAE
Upper and lower eyelids (palpebra superior, inferior)
Palpebral fissure (rima palpebrarum)
Angulus oculi medialis, lateralis
facies ant., post. palpebrae
limbus palpebralis ant.
lashes (cilia) with sebaceous gll. (gl. sebacae),
Modified sweat glands (gl. ciliares)
limbus palpebralis posterior
rivus lacrimalis
papilla lacrimalis and punctum lacrimale
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Eyelid morphology
septum orbitale
tarsus superior, inferior – gl. tarsales (Meibomi)
lig. palpebrale med., lat.
m. tarsalis sup., inf.
m. orbicularis oculi
CONJUNCTIVA
tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum
tunica conjunctiva bulbi
fornix conjunctivae sup., inf.,
saccus conjunctivae
plica semilunaris conjunctivae
lacus lacrimalis
caruncula lacrimalis
papilla lacrimalis
punctum lacrimale
APPARATUS LACRIMALIS
Gl. lacrimalis (pars orbitalis a palpebralis)
Ductuli exretorii (fornix conjunctivae sup.)
Lacrimae
Punta lacrimalis
Canaliculi lacrimales
(ampulla canaliculli lacrimalis)
Saccus lacrimalis
(fornix sacci lacrimalis)
Ductus nasolacrimalis
(meatus nasi inferior)
Plica lacrimalis
ARTERIA OPHTHALMICA
a.centralis retinae (through n. opticus to retina, arteriolae temporales
retinae sup. + inf., a. nasales retinae sup. + infa.
lacrimalis (aa. palpebrales lat.)
rr. musculares (a. ciliares ant. – circulus iridis minor)
a. ciliares posteriores breves (choroidea) et longi (circulus art. iridis major)
a. supraorbitalis
a. ethmoidalis post. et ant. (a. meningea ant.)
aa. palpebrales med.
a. supratrochlearis
a. dorsalis nasi
VENAE OPHTHALMICAE
v. ophthalmica sup.
v. nasofrontalis
vv. palpebrales
vv. ethmoidales ant., post.,
v. lacrimalis
vv. vorticosae (choroidea)
vv. ciliares
v. centralis retinae
(fissura orbitalis sup., sinus cavernosus)
v. ophthalmica inferior
venous plexus on the floor of the orbit
(fissura orbitalis inf., plexus pterygoideus)
Anastomoses with v. facialis (v. faciei profunda, v. angularis),
Axons of multipolar neurons (stratum ganglionare n. optici)
leaves in discus nervi optici medial from polus post.
Travels through canalis nervi optici together with a. ophthalmica
NERVUS OPTICUS
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CHIASMA OPTICUM nervus oculomotorius (III), trochlearis (IV), abducens (VI)
innervate:
m. levator palpebrae sup.
m. rectus bulbi sup., inf., med., lat.
m. obliquus bulbi sup., inf.
nervus oculomotorius (III)
nervus trochlearis (IV)
nervus abducens (VI)
NERVUS OCULOMOTORIUS (III)
On the level of colliculi sup. mesencephala
ncl. motorius n. oculomotorii
(somatomotor)
ncl. parasympaticus (Edinger-Westphal) n.oculomotorii
(visceromotor)
sulcus n. oculomotorii
(next to fossa interpeduncularis) Sinus cavernosus
NERVUS TROCHLEARIS (IV)
ncl. motorius n. trochlearis
(somatomotor)
From the brain stem:
Next to frenulum veli medullaris sup.
(dorsal side of the mesencepholon)
NERVUS ABDUCENS (VI)
ncl. motorius n. abducentis
(somatomotor)
sulcus bulbopontinus
(medially)
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SINUS CAVERNOSUS FISSURA ORBITALIS SUPERIOR
NERVUS OCULOMOTORIUS
Ramus superior
m. levator palpebrae sup.
m. rectus sup.
Ramus inferior
m. rectus medialis
m. rectus inf.
m. obliquus inf.
Radix oculomotoria
(parasympatic fibers) to gg. ciliare
NERVUS TROCHLEARIS - m. obliquus bulbi sup. NERVUS ABDUCENS - m. rectus lat.
References
Dubový, P., Jančálek, R.: Základy neuroanatomie a nervových drah I. Masarykova univerzita Brno, 2013
Dokládal, M., Páč, L.: Anatomie člověka III. Masarykova univerzita v Brně, 1995.
Čihák, R.: Anatomie 3. Praha, Grada, 2001, 2004
Sobotta, J.: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol1 –2 Munich, Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1993
Páč, L., Vargová, L., Čuta, M. : Anatomie pro antropology III. Nadace universitas, Akademické nakladatelství
CERM. Masarykova univerzita 2013.
Wiliams, P. & Warvick, R.: Gray´s Anatomy, 37 ed, Churhill Livingstone, 1996
Netter, F.:Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th ed., Elseviesr, USA, 2006