1
Department of Anatomy
Cerebellum and diencephalon
MUDr. Marek Joukal, Ph.D.
Cerebellum
Inside the posterior cranial fossa
(fossae cerebellares)
On the dorsal side of the brain stem
Together with the brains stem borders the 4th ventricle
fissura transversa cerebri (tentorium cerebelli) – divides
from the occipital lobe
Cerebellum 130-150 g
Vermis cerebelli
Hemispheria cerebelli
Margo anterior
(incisura cerebelli ant.)
Margo posterior
(incisura cerebelli post.)
Pedunculus flocculi
Flocculus
Sulci cerebelli
Folia cerebelli
Connected with brain stem by three peduncles:
1. Pedunculi cerebellares sup. (mesencephalon)
velum medullare sup.
2. Pedunculi cerebellares med. (pons Varoli)
3. Pedunculi cerebellares inf. (medulla
oblongata)
fastigium (vallecula cerebelli)
velum medullare inf.
LOBUS POSTERIOR
Declive (lobulus quadrangularis inf.)
Folium vermis (lobulus semilunaris sup.)
Tuber vermis (lobulus semilunaris inf.)
LOBUS ANTERIOR
Lingula (vinculum lingulae)
Lobulus centralis (ala lobuli centralis)
Culmen (lobulus quadrangularis sup.)
FISSURA PRIMA
PARS FLOCCULONODULARIS
Nodulus (flocculus)
FISSURA UVULONODULARIS
Pyramis (lobulus biventer)
Uvula (tonsilla cerebelli)
FISSURA HORIZONTALIS
Gray matter
cortex cerebelli
nuclei cerebelli (ncll. fastigii, ncl. globosi, ncl. emboliformis, ncl. dentatus)
White matter
arbor vitae
2
Functional division of the cerebellum:
1. Vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
lingula, pars nodulofloccularis
2. Spinocerebellum (palaeocerebellum)
medial and paramedial zone of the lobus anterior
and posterior
3. Neocerebellum
lateral zone of the lobus anterior and posterior
Control of balance, orientation in environment, coordination of eye movement
Direct afferentation from the vestibular apparatus,
Bidirectional connection with the vestibular nuclei
tr. vestibulospinalis -> ncll. motorii (postural mm.)
Efferent connection with RF
tr. reticulospinalis -> ncll. motorii (muscular tonus)
Connections with FLM (eye movement coordination and head)
Vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
Spinocerebellum (palaeocerebellum)
Processing of infromation from the locomotor system, control of muscular tone, coordination of movements
Proprioception: tr. spinocerebellaris ant. et post., tr. cuneocerebellaris, tr. trigeminocerebellaris
Efferent pathways:
to RF – tr. reticulospinalis (muscular tone)
to ncl. ruber – tr. rubrospinalis (coordination of muscles on the UE)
Neocerebellum (neocerebellum)
Coordnination of movements, muscular tone
Afferentation from the cortex:
tr. cortico – ponto - cerebellaris)
efferentation:
ncl. ruber – ncl. olivares – cerebellum– control circuits
thalamus – to the motor cortex
Diencephalon (hindbrain))
Thalamencephalon
(alar plate - sensory)
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Metathalamus
sulcus hypothalamicus („sulcus
limitans“ )
Hypothalamus and subthalamus
(basal plate - motor)
Rostral side of the diencephalon
Lamina terminalis
(between commisura anterior and chiasma opticum)
3
Basal side of the diencephalon
Chiasma opticum
Infundibulum
Hypophysis cerebri
Tuber cinereum
Corpora mamillaria
Dorsal side of diencephalon
Thalamus
Tuberculum thalami anterius
Pulvinar thalami
Stria terminalis
(vena thalamostriata)
Lamina affixa thalami
Taenia choroidea
(tela choroidea ventriculi lateralis)
Stria medullaris thalami
(tela choroidea ventriculi tertii)
Epithalamus
Epithalamus
Stria medullaris thalami
Trigonum habenulae
Commissura habenularum
Commissura posterior
Corpus pineale (epiphysis)
Dorsal side of diencephalon Posterolateral side of the diencephalon
Metathalamus
corpus geniculatum mediale
(auditory pathway)
corpus geniculatum laterale
(visual pathway)
Medial side of the diencephalon
Lateral wall of the third ventricle
sulcus hypothalamicus
(foramen interventriculare - aquaductus cerebri)
adhesio interthalamica
Lateral side of the diencephalon
Connected with telencephalon
(capsula interna, nucleus caudatus)
4
Subthalamus
ventrocaudally from thalamus and lateral from hypothalamus
Field of Forel H1
(fasciculus thalamicus)
Zona incerta
(gray matter)
Field of Forel H2
(fasciculus lenticularis)
ncl. subthalamicus (Luysi)
ncl. reticularis
substantia nigra and globus pallidus derived from subthalamus
Structure of the diencephalon
hypothalamus
thalamus + metathalamus
epithalamus
sulcus hypothalamicus
subthalamus
Alar plate (sensory)
Basal plate (motor)
Thalamus
Paired gray matter structure of ovoid shape (tuberculum ant.; pulvinar thalami), afferentation to
the cortex
lamina medullaris interna – divides the groups of nuclei
GROUPS OF NUCLEI
anterior – ncll. anteriores
medial – ventral (ventromediales)
dorsal (dorsomediales)
lateral – ventral (ventrolaterales!!!)
dorsal (dorsolaterales)
posterior – ncll. thalamici post. (ncll. pulvinares)
ncll. intralaminares (in lamina medullaris int.)
ncll. paraventriculares
SPECIFIC NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS
SOMATOSENSORY NUCLEI
VPL – ncl. ventralis posterolateralis
(LM: tr. bulbo-thalam.; tr. spinothalam.; tr. trigemino-thal.)
VPM – ncl. ventralis posteromedialis
(lemniscus trigeminalis)
SPECIAL SENSORY NUCLEI
ncl. corporis geniculati medialis (auditory p. – lemniscus
lat.)
ncl. corporis geniculati lat. (visual pathway)
MOTOR FEEDBACK CIRCUITS
(VA) ncl. ventr. ant. (from BG, s. nigra to praemot.+ motor.
cortex)
(VL) ncl. ventralis lateralis (from the cerebellum)
Information about specific modality, precise somatotopic (retinotopic, tonotopic) formation
interneurons
Similar as RF (ARAS, connection)
ncll. Intralaminares (ncl.
centromedianus CM)
ncl. paravetriculares (mediani)
ncl. reticularis
Integration of nuclear activity in
thalamus
(strong afferentation from cortex)
NONSPECIFIC NUCLEI OF THALAMUS AFFERENTATION TO THE CORTEX
CORTEX
Specific pathway Nonspecific pathway
THALAMUS
5
ASSOCIATION AND INTEGRATION NUCLEI OF THALAMUS
ncll. anteriores (connection with limbic system)
from tr. mamillothal., hypothal. to gyrus cinguli
ncl. dorsomediales
from limbic syst., from olfactory syst to praefront. c.
ncl. dorsolateralis (LD)
ncl. lateralis post. Connection with all lobes of
telencephalon
ncl. pulvinares
cortex
cortex
MD
STRUCTURE OF HYPOTHALAMUS
Developed from the viseromotor zone of basal plate
Control of visceral reactions together with limbic system (rich connections) =
„visceral brain“
(integrates afferent visceral information – received via interneurons)
contains nuclei controlling the sympaticus and parasympaticus
Towards the lower parts of CNS visceromotor information run via interneurons
(exception – fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis and tr. tegmentalis centralis)
Hypothalamic function affected by chemical composition, pressure and
temperature of blood
(control of homeostasis, body temperature, blood pressure and biorhytm)
Coordination of neurohumoral controlling (hypothalamo-hypopysial system)
(hypophysis – neurosecretion, controls othe endocrine organs)
Nuclei around the 3rd ventricle
anterior middle posterior
rostral dorsal
III.
PERIVENTRICULAR ROW
MEDIAL ROWS
LATERAL
ROW
LATERAL
ROW
HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI Ventral group
A – ncl. praechiasmaticus (cirkadian rhythm; tr. retino-hypothal.; pineal gl.)
B – ncl. praeopticus (sexual and maternity behav., homeostasis)
C – ncl. supraopticus (ADH)
D – ncl. paraventricularis (magnocel.- oxytocin; parvocel. - statins, liberiny)
E – ncll. anteriores (control of parasympaticus + similar f. as praeopticus)
Middle group
F – ncl. dorsomedialis
G – ncl. ventromedialis
H – ncl. arcuatus (seu infundibularis, statins + liberins)
(ncll. tuberales – statins, liberins)
Posterior group
I – ncl. posterior (connection with RF)
J – ncl. mamillaris (limbic system)
Food intake, control of sympathicus
HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI
infundibulum
eminentia mediana
neurohypophysis
(lobus post.)adenohypophysis
(lobus ant.)
pars intermedia
chiasma opticum
Hypophysis
Inside the sella turcica
DIVISION
lobus anterior (adenohypophysis)
glandular cells (STH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL)
stimulation of hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal
syst.
pars intermedia
lobus posterior (neurohypophysis)
No glands, storage of hormones
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL TRACT
oxytocin
ADH
ncl. supraopticus
ncl. paraventricularis
eminentia
mediana
Posterior
lobe
neurohypophyis
6
Hypothalamo-hypophysial portal pathway
eminentia medialis
with primary vascular plexus
hypophysial
portal vein
secondary vascular plexus
Superior hypophyseal artery
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Hormonesto
cavernous sinus
https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland
Subthalamus
Field of Forel H1 (fasciculus thalamicus)
from the globus pallidus to thalamu between zona incerta and thal.
Zona incerta (regulation of water intake, motor f.)
Field of Forel H2 (fasciculus lenticularis)
from globus pallidus to thalamu between zona incerta and
ncl. subthalamicus
Ncl. subthalamicus (Luysi)
Processing of motor function
Connection with BG, sustantia nigra, ncl. ruber
Ncl. reticularis (only because of its position included to the subth.)
Integration of thalamic nuclei activity (strong afferentatioin from cortex)
Corpus pineale (epiphysis)
Phylonegenetically oldest – photosensitivity
Acumulation of calcium and phosphate (acervulus cerebri)
Melatonin prodction – decreased by light
melatonin - cirkadian rhytm, effect on hypopheseal function, genital glads,
pigmentation (affect secretion of dopamine and serotonin, increases STH,
cancer – pubertas praecox)
Stria medullaris thalami – connects hypothalamus with ncll. habenulares
Trigonum habenulae – ncll. habenulares
(tr. habenulointerpeduncularis – connection of the limbic systém with
mesencephalon)
Commissura habenularum – connection of the habenular ncll.
Commissura posterior – connection with praetectal a. (synchron. pupilar. reflex)
Epithalamus
References
Dubový, P., Jančálek, R.: Základy neuroanatomie a nervových drah I. Masarykova univerzita Brno, 2013
Dokládal, M., Páč, L.: Anatomie člověka III. Masarykova univerzita v Brně, 1995.
Čihák, R.: Anatomie 3. Praha, Grada, 2001, 2004
Sobotta, J.: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol1 –2 Munich, Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1993
Páč, L., Vargová, L., Čuta, M. : Anatomie pro antropology III. Nadace universitas, Akademické nakladatelství
CERM. Masarykova univerzita 2013.
Wiliams, P. & Warvick, R.: Gray´s Anatomy, 37 ed, Churhill Livingstone, 1996
Netter, F.:Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th ed., Elseviesr, USA, 2006