Preparation (self-studying – study following topics prior to the tutorial)

Renal functions – overview. Nephron – basic parts and their fundamental function. Renal blood circulation – vas afferens and vas efferens, vv. recta. Glomerular membrane – structure and function. Glomerular filtration – driving force; measurement of GFR. Tubular reabsorption of Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^- and glucose – mechanisms of the transport of solutes in various parts of renal tubules. Basic mechanisms of water reabsorption in tubules.

Content

1.   Structure and function of kidneys. Countercurrent system

Renal functions and their importance. Nephron – basic parts and their fundamental function. Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Renal blood circulation – vas afferens and vas efferens, vv. recta.

Cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephrons. Countercurrent system – loop of Henle and vv. recta. Osmotic stratification of the medulla and its significance.

2.   Renal blood flow

Renal blood flow and its regulation. Measurement of renal blood flow (clearance of PAH).

3.   Glomerular filtration

Glomerular membrane. Effective filtration pressure. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as a basic parameter of renal function. Measurement of GFR (clearance of inulin and creatinine).

4.   Tubular processes

Basic principles of reabsorption and secretion of solutes in various parts of renal tubules – transport mechanisms and their driving forces, examples. Transport maximum (renal threshold).

Reabsorption of glucose. Transport of water in various parts of renal tubules – mechanisms (driving forces), regulation (effect of ADH, natriuretic peptides and aldosterone).

Schedule