Practice 8 Connective tissue – cartilage and bone
1. Classify principal histological types of cartilage. Schematize the arrangement of
cartilage cells and matrix in the individual types of cartilage.
2. Define the term “perichondrium”, draw its localization into the scheme of hyaline
cartilage and describe its function.
3. Into the scheme of the hyaline cartilage graphically indicate, how does the cartilage
grow, and how the nutrition of chondrocytes is provided.
4. Draw localization of territorial matrix in structure of hyaline cartilage. Why is the
territorial matrix basophilic?
5. Provide three examples of occurrence of fibrous cartilage in human body. Why is the
fibrous cartilage found specifically in these anatomical locations?
6. Classify principal histological types of bone tissue, and graphically schematize
arrangement of mineralized collagen fibers in individual types. What method can be
used for preparation of bone slide?
7. Draw the structure of Haversian systems in compact bone and indicate localization of
Volkmann’s canals.
8. Draw the localization and histological structure of periosteum and endosteum in an
idealized scheme of a bone (e.g. femur, humerus). Where are the Sharpey’s fibers
located?
9. Graphically schematize principal ultrastructural hallmarks of osteoblasts, osteocytes
and osteoclasts. What is the origin of these cells?
10. Draw a graphical scheme of bone remodeling.
11. By using any information resource decipher what is the histological background of
osteoporosis, and why osteoporosis typically develops after menopause?
12. Describe the difference between membranous and chondrogenic ossification.
13. Graphically schematize the growth plate with complete zonation. By using any
information resource explain, why the growth plates close after the puberty. What is the
principle of bone age determination in clinical or forensic practice?
Recommended study materials: Presentations from practices and lectures, Atlas of Histology
(online), Atlas of Cytology and Embryology (online), Junqueira's basic histology.