Content and history Operating room [USEMAP] * *The Origin of the word Surgery comes from the Greek word „ Cheirourgiké“ *Cheir – hand *Ergein – work [USEMAP] *Surgery may be defined as „ the art of treating lesions and malformations of the human body by manual operations, mediate and immediate.“ * The Surgeon should be familiar not only with the normal anatomy and physiology of the body and various pathological contitions to which it is liable, but also with the nature of process by which repair of injured or diseased tissues is affected. *All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures [USEMAP] *Surgical procedures are commonly cathegorized mainly by: *Urgency *Type of procedure *Involved body system *Degree of invasiveness *Special instrumentation * *Three main categories of terapeutic surgery *Emergency – stopping rapid internal bleeding, as soon as possible to * save life *Urgent – removal of inflamed appendix - within hours *Elective – planned operations – hip joint replacement *Basic surgical field – General surgery *Specialized surgical fields: * Thoracic surgery – surgery of lung, mediastinum, chest wall * and pleural cavity *Cardiac surgery - surgical treatment of disease of heart and great vessels *Neurosurgery - surgery of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system *Urology - surgery of urinary tract of males and females and reproductive system of males *Vascular surgery - surgery of vascular system – arteries, veins and lymphatic circulation *Plastic surgery- corrects surgically appearence and function of external shape of the body *Transplantation surgery- surgical transfer of tissues and organs *Ortopedic, Maxillofacial and Pediatric surgery, Otorhinolaryngology, * Ophtalmology etc… * * * [USEMAP] *Evidence that the surgical assistance was provided was found from the period around year 4600 BC – the period of Assyria, Babylon, Ancient Egypt and India * *Mesopotamia: Sumerians developed several important medical techniques, used bronze instruments with sharpened obsidian * * * [USEMAP] * *Egypt: 2700 BC first tract on surgery written * by Imhotep * * *The oldest recorded engraving of a medical procedure: circumcision on the doorjamb of the entrance to the Temple of Memphis * * *India: The Susrutha Samhita – oldes known surgical text written by Sushruta (600 BC), first known description of several operations- uniting of bowel, the removal of prostate gland, rhinoplasty, draining of abscesses, removal of cataract lenses * *Greece : Hippocrates *- the father of medicine (460-377 BC)- *- first monography – Corpus hippocraticum – summarized all medical knowledgenad experiences of Ancient world, contains The Hippocratic Oath. * *Alexandria period (300BC- 400 AD) * - report of human body section, basic knowlege of * human anatomy * Galénos (129-216AD) * - teacher and surgeron * - autopsies of live animals, * - report eye a brain operations * * [USEMAP] * *Ancient China * Hua Tuo (140 -208 AD) * – famous Chinese physician * - first person who performed the * surgery with the aid of anesthesia * - drink containing hashish and * akonitine * - performed skull trepanation, * laparotomy, splenectomy, * anastomosis of intestines *Arabic period *Al- Zahrawi (Abukasim) (936-1013) *- specialized in curing disease with cauterization *- Invented several devices used during surgery *- Pioneer in neurosurgery, treatment of head, and * spinal injuries, subdural effusions *- First clinical descriptionon an operative procedure * for hydrocephalus * Ibn Sina ( Avicenna , 980-1038) * Canon Medicinae – medical knowleges and * experiences of Arabic and Greek medicine * - *European period *From 13th – to 16th century development in Europe characterized by so-called Italian-French period) *13th century – first universities in Italy (Padua, Napoli, Bologna) – performed anatomical sections * * * [USEMAP] *France – surgery has lower status than pure *medicine until Rogerius Salermitanus *wrote file „Chirurgia“ – surgery was considered as craft, *performed by healers and barbers * *The first real surgeons were the healers from *numerous wars - especially Ambroise Paré (1510-1590). Became a royal healer (French kings Charles IX and Henry III) *- tying blood vessels in amputated limbs, he replaced the painful burning, he wrote his experience in many volumes *- Prostesthetics in 16th century (Ambroise Paré) * * * * *At this time, the anatomy ( Vesalius, Eustachio, Fallopia) developed boisterously *First physiological findings * - William Harvey * 1628 – described systemic * circulation * - Michael Servetus * 1553 – described pulmonary * circulation * *Since 15th century surgery was taught as a separate branch at the universities of Montpellier, Paduam, Bologna. *Modern Surgery developer rapidly with scientific era. *Three main developments permitted the transition to modern surgical approaches 1. control of bleeding 2. control of infection 3. control of pain (anesthesia) * * - operations without excessive risk to the * patient ( control of bleeding, blood * transfer, knowlege of shock conditions, etc.) * - operation without the spread of the * infection * - operations without pain ( anesthesia) * * *1847 I.F. Semmelweis discovered basic principles of antisepsis (washing hands with chlorine of lime solution) * *Joseph Lister – introduced carbolic acid ( phenol) to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wound * *Louis Pasteur – discovered reasons of purulence, surgeons started to disinfect operation field with disinfectants * * W.S. Halsted – set up wearing of rubber gloves for surgery * *1846 Charles Jackson – discovered ether for anesthetic use * * C. Roentgen discovered X-rays for medical use * *1929 – A. Fleming described first true antibiotic-Penicilin * * * *After the Second World War were discovered and used subsequent antibiotics. Many diagnostic methods were * *improved nad new technologies were discovered ( ultrasond, CT, MRI, endoscopy, etc.) * * * * * * * * * * moravska-ostrava-operacni-sal [USEMAP] [USEMAP] [USEMAP] [USEMAP] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *LAPAROSCOPIC TOWER * * * * * * * * * * * * [USEMAP]