Oral Histology and Embryology PRACTICE Mgr. Jan Křivánek, Ph.D. 1. practice Introduction Cards, sitting order Organisation of practice Attendance and substitution of missed lessons Protocols Tests (3. and 6. pract.) Safety rules Oral Histology and Embryology PRACTICE Microscopic anatomy Lips Tongue Palate Cheeks dut Oral cavity (cavitas oris) vestibulum oris / cavitas oris propria Borders Lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, caudally floor of cavity, faucial isthmus (connection to oropharynx) Inside Tongue, teeth, gums, tonsilla palatina Major salivary glands: gl. submandibulatis gl. sublingualis gl. parotis dut Image result for oral mucosa Cook, Sarah et al. A food perspective. Food Hydrocolloids. 2017. Oral mucosa Figure_135 epithelium thick stratified squamous •Masticatory mucusa •(Specialized mucosa) Oral mucosa nonkeratinized keratinized •Lining mucosa Lamina propria mucosae Contains numerous of melanocytes or melanophages Multiple papilae projected against the epithelium. Their shape and density are spatially different (depends on different mechanical needs of oral mucosa) Oral mucosa classification Lining (65 %) Inner part of lips, cheeks soft palate, inferior aspect of the tongue, floor of the mouth and alveolar process (except of the gingiva) tela submucosa located under mucosa soft and slightly movable (submucous coat) lamina propria from loose connective tissue Masticatory (25 %) Hard palate and gingiva epithelium keratinized tela submucosa is missing lamina propria composed from dense collagenous of irregular type and firmly connected with periosteum (mucoperiosteum) Specialized (10 %) dorsal surface of the tongue mucosa protrudes into papillae tela submucosa is missing lamina propria connected with aponeurosis linguae https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pl3jnDRr9f4/hqdefault.jpg B, In histologic sections, the gingival epithelium is seen to be tightly bound to bone by a dense fibrous connective tissue (CT), whereas the epithelium of the lip (C) is supported by a much looser connective tissue. Gingiva Lip •Lamina propria from dense collagenous connective tissue of irregular type •Firmly connected to periosteum (mucoperiosteum) •Lamina propria from loose collagenous tissue •Tela submucosa under mucosa •Mucosa is slightly movable Oral mucosa regeneration Oral epithelium turnover time: 4 - 24 days Significant local differences Gingivo-dental junctional epithelium 4-6 days Gingiva affixa epith. (masticatory mucosa) 10 days Taste buds 10 - 14 days Lining epith. of lips and cheeks mucosa 14 days Lining epith. of the floor of mouth 20 days Masticatory epithl. of hard palate 24 days Epidermis of the face and neck frontal side 7 days Epidermis (rest) 30 days (faster turnover time in case of the face is probably caused by inductive effect of the ectomezenchyme) Image result for gingiva affixa Image result for vermilion border Lip Sagitally: •ventral aspect of the lip •dorsal aspect of the lip a) lamina epithelialis mucosae - stratified squamous epithelium b) lamina propria mucosae - loose areolar connective tissue •m. orbicularis oris •vermilion zone 002 Why do the lips have a red color? This coloration represents the combined effect of a number of factors: the concentration and state of dilation of small blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue, the thickness of the epithelium, the degree of keratinization, and the amount of melanin pigment in the epithelium. Color gives an indication as to the clinical condition of the mucosa; inflamed tissues are red, because of dilation of the blood vessels, whereas normal healthy tissues are a paler pink. Vermilion zone Lidské rty jsou pravděpodobně jedním z tělesných znaků ovlivněných pohlavním výběrem. Splňují totiž všech sedm kritérií, které Barber (1995) pro znaky ovlivněné pohlavním výběrem vytyčil. Jsou to následující kritéria: znak je sexuálně dimorfní, není přímo zapojen při rozmnožování, je nejvýraznější v době rozmnožování, je buď atraktivní pro opačné pohlaví nebo slouží k zastrašování soupeřů, míra jeho fenotypového projevu ovlivňuje reprodukční úspěšnost jedince, znak se mění v průběhu života a je variabilní mezi jedinci stejného pohlaví, jeho projev je závislý na pohlavních hormonech. Plnost ženských rtů zvyšuje atraktivitu obličeje, signalizuje totiž mládí a plodivost. Ke zvýšení své atraktivity žena používá rtěnku, případně trvalejší kosmetické zásahy (augmentací). Zdobení rtů (tetování, mutilace, piercing) je rozšířené u mnoha kultur světa současnosti i minulosti. Jeho základním významem je signalizovat společenskou a pohlavní dospělost jedince, zpravidla žen. Rty jsou pravděpodobně ovlivněny pohlavním výběrem. Anemie je všeobecným ukazatelem zdravotního stavu člověka. Anemická bledost (tj. nedostatek červeného krevního barviva hemoglobinu) je tudíž často znakem infekce a je možné očekávat, že bude figurovat při pohlavním výběru. Kromě toho, jestliže je anemie adaptivní odpovědí na parazitickou infekci, pak zdravotní výdaje udržování vysoké hladiny hemoglobinu možná zajišťují, že organismus nesoucí těžkou zátěž parazitů nebude riskovat předstírání zdravé červenosti (Jones 1997). also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin. It is where lipstick is sometimes applied. It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or facial hair.^[1]^[2] It has a prominence on the face, creating a focus for cosmetics and is also a location for several skin diseases. Its functional properties, however, remain unknown. RetNovor Trávící systém I - 1 Ret - schéma glandulae labiales (mixed) oral-zakl kopie Ret (mucous side) lamina propria tela submucosa Ret_kožní Sebaceous glands Hair follicle Lip (skin side) ČervenýLemRtu Related image ? Adult Suckling pars villosa pars glabra pars mucosa PG - pars glabra (Glabra = flat) PV - pars villosa (Villosa = vilous) (PM - pars mucosa) Newborns vermilion zone can be divided into: Newborns vermilion zone ventral (skin) and dorsal (mucous) side are connected by vermilion zone NEWBORNS vermilion zone can be divided into: pars glabra (2 mm) more narrow, ventral pars villosa (asi 4 mm) wider, dorsal Pars glabra •Stratified squamous epithelium with keratinization signs •Lamina propria protrudes by higher papillae than dermal papillae •In 50 % small sebaceous glands are in lamina propria Pars villosa •Thick stratified squamous epithelium •Numerous and slender papillae, which form the labial torus (torus labialis) •Papillae are HIGHLY VASCULARIZED and contains numerous of sensitive NERVE ENDINGS •Facilitates firm connection with the nipple during breastfeeding zonation of the vermillion zone disappears with advanced age of a child Vermilion zone The vermilion border (sometimes spelled vermillion border), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin. Cheek (bucca) Obličej_krajiny.jpg Image result for musculus buccinator Histologically similar to the lip Related image https://www.brainyoo.de/Brainyoo2Web/b84754f6-7a68-4006-ac80-ae367414ed41.jpg https://www.brainyoo.de/Brainyoo2Web/ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Location_of_Buccal_Fat_Pad.jpg/300px-Loca tion_of_Buccal_Fat_Pad.jpg BichatovoTěl wikipedia Corpus adiposum buccae Between m.buccinator and m. masseter: Function[edit] Some people describe the buccal fat pad’s primary function in relation to chewing and suckling, especially in infants. This theory derives some support from the loss of volume to the intermediate lobe, which would be most directly involved in chewing and sucking, from infancy to adulthood. Another proposed function is as gliding pads that facilitate the action of the muscles of mastication.^[1] The buccal fat pad may also function as a cushion to protect sensitive facial muscles from injury due to muscle action or exterior force.^[1] stropdut soft 1 palatum durum palatum mole Palate Hard palate (palatum durum) Masticatory mucosa: •Epithelium stratified squamous keratinizing •Tela submucosa missing patro1 Adipous zone Glandular zone raphe palati Image result for ductus incisivi Huge regional variability: Local differences in hard palate structure Palatal raphe •Midline from the incisive papilla to soft palate, mucosa without glandulae and adipocytes • Foramen incisivum •Location on the papilla incisiva •Maintains connection with nasal cavity before birth is closed Adipose zone •Paired structure •Medially divided by papilla incisiva and raphe palati, Laterally bordered by gingiva and premolars •Mucosa is thickened into 3-5 transversal plicae - plicae palatinae transversae, core of plicae is formed by stripes of dense colagenous connective tissue interlaced with adipocytes Glandular zone •Paired structure •Mucosa is smooth and contains true mucous glands – gll. palatinae PMC2798069_stem0027-1899-f6 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gray160.png/300px-Gray160.png Image result for n. nasopalatinus 040_cut_hard palate Hard palate – glandular zone (frontal view) glandulae palatinae Vomeronasal Vomeronasal organ (organon Jacobsoni) •RUDIMENTARY in human •Under nasal septum musosa anteriorly to and above the incisive duct •2- 6 mm long, dead-end thin canal •Well developed in reptiles - the olfactory organ Trávící systém I - 14 Měkké patro a čípek Nasal side Oral side aponeuroza Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified) Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium Soft palate (palatum molle) uvula patro_nasofar Transitional zone on nasopharyngeal side Trávící systém I - 17 Palatum molle - smíšená žláza Mixed gll. nasales (nasal side) gll Trávící systém I - 15 Palatum molle - orální strana Tela submucosa Oral mucosa (lining type) gll. palatinae Soft palate(palatum molle) •Movable mucosal fold terminated by a uvula – uvula (gr. staphylos) •Interposed between the oral cavity and nasal fossae • Core tissue - aponeurosis palatina, composed of tendons and muscles of striated muscles (mostly m. tensor veli palatini) - Nasal aspect - mucosa of respiratory passages and tela submucosa with mixed glandulea (glandulae nasales) - Oral aspect - lining mucosa, dorsally passes to the nasal aspect (over uvula) between mucosa nad aponeurosis is submucous coat with mucinous glandulae (glandulae palatinae) Tongue Lingua (lat.) Glossa (gr.) radix Base: intra- and extraglossal striated muscles Evulutionary: developed in terrestrial vertebrates and amphibians (tetrapods) from muscles of oral floor Image result for snake tongue http://bharatmarg.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/snake-with-toung-split.jpg Surface Dorsum linguae Specialized oral mucosa Inferior aspect Lining mucosa Fibrous parts aponeurosis linguae very stiff fibrous membrane septum linguae Composed from dense collagenous tissue Image result for septum linguae Figure_139 Dorsum lingue Specialized oral mucosa •Firmly connected with aponeurosis linguae • •Rough surface • •Mucosal outgrowths - lingual papillae • •Covered by nonkeratinized squamous stratified epithelium (except of papillae filiformes) Papillae fungiformes Mushroom-shape (0.5-1.5 in height, 0.5–1.0 mm in width) Taste buds in epithelium 006 Papillae filiformes The most abundant and distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue; Brush-like appearance (0.5-1 mm in height, 0.2-0.3 mm in width); The stratified squamous epithelium is often cornified HoubPapila Keratinisation differences Taste bud Papillae vallatae (Papila circumvallata) Largest (1-4 mm in height, 1-3 mm in width), 7–12 just in front of sulcus terminalis, submerged into mucosa. Deep circumpapillary furrow. Taste buds https://render.fineartamerica.com/images/rendered/default/canvas-print/8.000/7.875/mirror/break/ima ges-medium/false-colour-sem-of-a-papilla-vallata-professors-pm-motta-kr-porter-pm-andrews-canvas-pr int.jpg Trávící systém I - 10 Chuťové pohárky 008 Trávící systém I - 10 Chuťové pohárky jazP0023Exp Duct (V) of Ebner´s gland opening on bottom of an circumpapillary furrow. Taste bud Basic tastes: Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Umami Suggested: Fatty Metalic sweet, umami, sour, salty, and bitter—the so-called “basic” tastes (Fig. 1). There are likely additional qualities such as fatty, metallic, and others that might also be considered basic tastes. TASTE ? • •Samples: • •labium oris (1) •palatum molle (5) •apex linguae (2) •papilla vallata (3) •