Skin as an endocrine organ
CRH – stimulation of sebaceous lipogenesis, inhibition of proliferation of keratinocytes; ACTH, alfa-MSH – activity of
melanocytes, pigmentation, stimulation of proliferation of keratinocytes, synthesis of collagenase and MMP enzymes; GH, IGF-1
– homeostatic regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation; androgenes – stimulation of proliferation of sebocytes and
dermal papilla cells; estrogenes – regulation of cell proliferation, effect on scalp hair growth period; glucocorticoids – hair
growth, sebocyte proliferation, skin atrophy; vitamin D – conversions of estrogenes, growth-promoting activity on keratinocytes.
Skin and CRH-ACTH axis
Cardiovascular endocrinology
• Myocardium
• Endothelium
Vasoconstricting Vasodilating
Sodium-retention effect Natriuretic
Growth stimulation Growth inhibition
Proatherogenic Antiatherogenic
Endothelial dysfunction is derminated by an imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator factors.
RAAS system
• Blood pressure, volume of circulationg fluids
• Circulating versus local components of RAAS
• Intermediary RAAS (angiotensinogen, ACE, AT1, AT2, ATR1, ATR2)
AT1R AT2R
All tissues Prenatally in all tissues
Vasoconstriction, positive inotropic ef. Embryonal differentiation
Secretion of aldosterone, catecholamines, ADH Physiological development of the cardiovascular system
Inhibition of renin (negative feedback) Change in receptor density and distribution is dependent on
age, sex and pregnancy
Reabsorption of sodium In repairing tissues after damage
Regulation of the feeling of thirst
Proliferation, hypertrophy, remodelation
Stimulation of fibroblasts - fibrosis
Amplification of prooxidative and proinflammatory processes
RAAS system
Aldosterone
Renal effects
Extrarenal effects
Increase of collagen synthesis, changes in rigidity
of vessels, fibrotic changes, direct proarythmogenic
effect (ion dysbalance, endothelial
dysfunction, decrease of coronary perfusion,
increase of sympathetic activity etc.)
Natriuretic peptides – ANP, BNP, CNP
Natriuretic peptides – ANP, BNP, CNP
Endothelium physiology
Endothelins and their receptors
Short-term vasodilation
followed by
vasoconstriction
kidneys
Vessels – smooth muscle
kidneys
Vessels – endothelium
Long-term vasokonstriction
Endothelins and implication in physiology and
patophysiology
Endocrine function of adipose tissue
Tuková tkáň
Adipokiny
Cytokiny
(IL-6, TNF-a)
Chemokiny
(MCP-1)
Faktory
komplementu
(adipsin)
Homeostáza
glukózy
(adiponektin,
visfatin, apelin,
omentin)
Leptin
Metabolismus
lipidů
(rezistin, RBP,
CETP, )
Faktory ovlivňující
krevní tlak
(angiotenzinogen)
Endocrine function of adipose tissue
Leptin and
energy
metabolism
Leptin - functions
Adiponectin
Resistin