1. For preparation see lecture notes 

2. Mechanisms of action of diuretics

Match diuretics to the letters ABCDE on the picture below and explain their MoA:

acetazolamide, amiloride, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, mannitol, spironolactone

3. Diuretics and other drugs influencing potassium plasma level

Hypokalaemia is defined as an abnormally low blood potassium level (<3.5 mmol/L). Values of potassium < 1.5 mmol/L are associated with a life-threatening situation requiring urgent treatment. Hypokalaemia is one of the most common electrolyte dysbalances in internally ill patients. In the vast majority of cases, it is an iatrogenic condition, e.g. after administration of diuretics. In only 1% of cases, it is caused by congenital disorders, such as endocrine diseases - primary hyperaldosteronism, Cushing's disease, renal tubular acidosis, etc.

Hypokalaemia therapy depends on the underlying cause. Differential diagnostics is based on detailed history taken, determination of serum and urine electrolytes levels and parameters of acid-base balance.

4. Minicase report

A 50-year-old woman comes to the emergency department after waking up with facial swelling and with difficulties swallowing. She was recently diagnosed with hypertension and started on an antihypertensive drug perindopril. She follows a strict vegetarian diet. Her pulse is 110/min and her blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. Physical examination shows marked edematous swelling of the face, lips, and tongue. There is no rash. Serum complement levels are within the reference range. 

Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

A) deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor
B) scombroid poisoning
C) an antibody-mediated cytotoxic reaction
D) IgE-mediated release of histamine
E) increased activity of kinins

5. Test your knowledge in the ropot