G:\Děti II\sejmout0038.jpg PEDIATRIC´S PHYSIOLOGY Physiological peculiarities in children GROWTH PERIODS in relation to age •CHILDREN üNewborn: 0 –28 days after born (1 month) üSuckling: 2 – 12 month üCommon term: infancy ü ü1 – 4 years old ü(Toddler 1 –3 years old) üCommon term: early childhood the general term "children" is divided into smaller age groups: GROWTH PERIODS ü5 – 12 years old – late childhood ü üOther special terms: üPre-school period 5 – 7 years üSchool period – younger, older GROWTH PERIODS •ADOLESCENCE ü13 – 20 years old üThe other special terms: üTeenager -19 years üPubertas 11-15 years Anthropometric characteristics body WEIGHT •Birthweight: 2 500 - 3 800 g •Double birthweight: 4-5 mo •Triple birthweight: 1yr •Quadruple birthweight: 2 yr • •Pecularity in newborn: Weight loss in first few days : 5-10% of birthweight •Return to birthweight: 4 -7 days of age • •AVERADGE weights: • at birth: 3 500 g • at 1 yr: 10 kg • at 5 yrs: 20 kg • •DAILY body weight gain – important for evaluation of nutritional state: • 20-30g/day for the first 3-4 months of life • 15-20g/day - until the end of the 1st year G:\Děti II\sejmout0027.jpg Percentiles determines how many percent of population has lower values than the measured values in examined person body HEIGHT •AVERADGE length: 20 in (50 cm) at birth • 30 in (75 cm) at 1 yr • at age 3 yr - the averadge child is 3 ft tall • at 4 yr - the averadge child is 40 in (100 cm) tall (double birth length) •Averadge ANNUAL length increase: 2-3 in (5-7 cm) between age 4 yr and puberty G:\Děti II\sejmout0028.jpg HAED CIRCUMFERENCE (HC) •Averadge HC: 35 cm at birth (13.5 in) •HC increases: •2 cm/month - for first 3 month, then slower •1 cm/month for first year • Newborn according the weeks of gestation and birth weight •Preterm infant (premature – earlier than 38weeks of gestation) üLow birthweight infants (LBW): • less than 2 500 g üVery low birthweight (VLBW): • less than 1 500 g •Full-term infant (38 – 40 weeks of gestation) • birthweight 3 000 - 3 500 g, 48-52 cm length, head circumference 35cm •Ower-term infant (41 – 42 weeks of gestation) • 4000 - 6 000g, 53 - 56 cm G:\Děti II\sejmout0024.jpg 36th week 38th week 40th week week of gestation The skin is covered by white muzzle – vernix caseosa The skin is covered by white muzzle – vernix caseosa Examination of newborn at the delivary room •Apgar score • Signs Points • 0 1 2 üHeart rate: 0 <100 /min >100/min ü üRespiration: none weak cry vigorous cry ü üMuscle tone none hypotonic-hypertonic limb flexion ü ü reflex irritability: none some motion cry, withdrawal • üColor of body: blue pink body, pink all over • blue extremities •more than 50 years - determined the newborn hope of survival • •now - as a recommendation for nursing practice G:\Děti\sejmout0012.jpg TRANSITION FROM FETAL TO NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY •Specialities of fetal circulation: üPlacenta, where deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated ü1 Umbilical vein – well-oxygenated blood ü2 Umbilical arteries – deoxygenated blood üForamen ovale üDuctus arteriosus Botalli üDuctus venosus G:\Děti II\sejmout0032.jpg RESPIRATORY SYSTEM •Respiratory movements – started about 20 weeks of gestation • • •Surfactant secretion: üA substance normally secreted into the alveoli that decreases the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, therefore allowing the alveoli to open easily during inspiration üThe surfactant secreting cells ( the type II alveolar epithelial cells) started secretion about 20 weeks of gestation •Estimation of pulmonary maturity: • ratio Lecithin/sphingomyelin production 2:1 •Dicrease of surfactant: Respiratory distress syndrome • NEONATAL JAUNDICE •Bilirubin formed in the fetus can cross the placenta into the mother and be excreted through the liver of the mother •But •Immediately after birth the only means for ridding the neonate of bilirubin is through the neonate´s own liver, which for the 1st weeks has poorly functions (without any reserves), and decrease capacity for conjugating system of bilirubin and its excretion into the bile •The plasma bilirubin concentration rises during the first 3 days of life and then gradually falls back to normal as the liver becomes functional • •This condition called physiologic hyperbilirubineamia and it is associated with a mild jaundice of the infant´s skin and especially of the sclerae of its eyes C:\Documents and Settings\ja\Dokumenty\Obrázky\bilirubin1.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\ja\Dokumenty\Obrázky\bilirubin2.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\ja\Dokumenty\Obrázky\bilirubin3.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\ja\Dokumenty\Obrázky\bilirubin4.jpg TEMPERATURE •In utero thermoregulation of the fetus is performed by the placenta, which is as an efficient heat exchanger •Fetal temperature is higher than the mother´s temperature: about 38.5 °C •After birth, the newborn infant begins life covered by amniotic fluid and situated in a cold environment: 20-25 °C •An infant´s skin temperature may fall 0.3 °C/min and the core temperature may decline 0.1 °C/min in the delivery room • •Because the body surface area is large in relation to body mass, heat is readily lost from the body •The ideal environmental temperature is called as the neutral thermal environment: the ambient temperature resulting in the lowest rate of heat production and the lowest consumption of oxygen by the infants while maintaining normal body temperature •1 hour after birth: 33-34 °C •1 day after birth: 31-33 °C •1 weeks after birth: 27-33 °C G:\Děti II\sejmout0034.jpg G:\Děti II\sejmout0039.jpg G:\Děti II\sejmout0040.jpg Empress Catherine the Great, Russia, 18th century survival against the russian winter G:\Děti II\sejmout0041.jpg Immune system •a main prenatal imunoglobulin = IgG: –passes through the placenta –At the birth – the same level as in mother –at birth is the same concentration as in the mother's body –gradually decreasing its concentration –in 3rd to 10th week reached the lowest values then again levels increase •IgM forms newborns aged 1-2 weeks • •IgA occurs at the age of one month, then the concentration slowly increases –(IgA is rich colostrum and breast milk) •After birth: üErythrocytes = 5-6 x 1012/l üLeukocytes = 20-22 x 10 9 /l üHemoglobin = 190 g/l •At 3 month of live: üErythrocytes = 4 x 10 12/l üLeukocytes = 10.5 x 10 9/l üHemoglobin = 110 g/l BLOOD - composition G:\Děti II\sejmout0026.jpg CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart rate according age •Newborn 135-140 beat per minute •6 month 130-135 •1 year 120-125 •2 years 110-115 •5 years 98-100 •8 years 80-85 •15 years 70-76 Elektrocardiography •More difficult evaluation than in adult •The ECG curve is changing with respect to: –Ratio between right ventricule muscle/left ventricule muscle –Spred of activation from atrium to ventricule myocardium –repolarization – –Evaluation of ECG curve in children is nescesary made with respect to anamnesis, clinical state and laboratory view – •Generally accepted: –In newborn – predominance of the right ventricule –To 3 month after birth – increase of left forces –At 2 years – right and left ventricule in equilibrium –3 years to adult – prevalence (superiority) of left ventricule Blood pressure •Immediately after birth – high blood pressure: –Stress after delivery, increase concentration of catecholamine and cortizol •After 1st day …….. 70/50 mmHg: –Open of pulmonary and intestine circulation •During pubertas: –Development of regulatory mechanism –Stimulation of external world •Newborn 80/46 mmHg 10,6/6,1 kPa •3 years 100/67 13,3/8,9 •10-11 years 111/58 14,8/7,7 •13-14 years 118/60 15,7/8,0 •The size of cuffs • •Body weight age size of cuff •1 500 g * 2,5 cm • 5 kg 3 měsíc 4,5 cm •10 kg 15 měsíců 6 cm •30 kg 9 let 7,5 cm •30 a více kg 10 a více let 12 cm THEORY of AGE C:\Documents and Settings\ja\Dokumenty\Obrázky\81-svetsenioru.jpg Elderly period • •Earlier senior: 65 - 75 years old •Middle senior: 75 - 85 years old •Late senior: above 85 years old • •The „AGING“ is programming biological process • Theory of „aging“ •„Free radicals“ • •– primary reason for aging is: damages of macromolecules and structures of cells by biochemistry reactions of free oxygen radicals •(oxygen free radicals damaging our bodies are „taxes“ that people breathe oxygen on the Earth) •Neuroendocrine theory • -This theory is based on the fact, that the secretion of hormone melatonin is reduce with age (as „youth hormone“; pineal gland – coordinates of circadian rhythms) •Gene theory •Increase a lot of mutations in the cells during all of the lifetime, the mutations are a primary cause of the aging •Theory of programming of aging is based on the idea that the function of genes is reduced in time (e.g. Apoptosis – programming death of the cells) •Theory based on the hypothesis that exist „any genetic programme“ (Hayflick 1985 – observing the families with longevity) The symptoms of aging •Reduction of function of all organ systems: • loco-motor function – as general and final, decreas of forces of sceletal muscles • reduction of capacity of the lungs, cardiac output, cardiac reserve, function of excretory system, liver, metabolism •reduction of number of neurons in the brain (central nervous system) •The other symptoms: •Changes in places of fat deposits •Changes of the skin hair •Changes in the memory – main in the short-term memory •Changes of the behavior – non-tolerance, depression Thank you for your attention „Everyone is old, depending on how he/she feels to be old“