The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II2
Why?
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II3
A human is an individual A human is a social being
Psychological conflict Social conflict
Values
Philosophy
You have to live with
yourself
You have to live with
others
Philosophy of life is a personal
philosophy, whose focus is
resolving the existential
questions about the human
condition.
Wikipedia
Collective consciousness
or collective conscious is the
set of shared beliefs, ideas and
moral attitudes which operate as
a unifying force within society.
Wikipedia
You have to die
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II4
Complementary ways of thinking
Mythology and philosophy
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II5
• All the nations have a mythology
• Language and mythology (and later
culture and philosophy) define the
nations
• Communication
• Values
• Explanation of complex issues
• Pseudorational/iractional
• Protscience
• Symbolism – education
• Intuitive understanding of cyclic time
(The cyclic time model was established
much later by followers of Pythagoras)
• Myth – Philosophy – Science (August
Comte)
Mythology and philosophy
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II6
• All the nations have a mythology
• Language and mythology (and later
culture and philosophy) define the
nations
• Communication
• Values
• Explanation of complex issues
• Pseudorational/iractional
• Protscience
• Symbolism – education
• Intuitive understanding of cyclic time
(The cyclic time model was established
much later by followers of Pythagoras)
• Myth – Philosophy – Science (August
Comte)
Presence
Presence
Past
Past
Future
Future
Philosophy, science and thinking
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II7
Philosophy, science and thinking
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II8
Antique philosophy
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II9
http://www.bohemiabeer.eu/en/beer/8
• Cosmology
• Searching for the natural origins/source of things
• Pre-Socratic philosophy
• Anthropologic philosophy
• Focused on humans and society
• Sophists, Socrates
• Systematic philosophy
• Synthesis of previous philosophy to one system
• Plato, Aristoteles
• Hellenistic philosophy
• Focused on problematic of meaningful life
• Stoicism, epicureism, skepticism…
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II10
https://www.britannica.com/media/full/topic/244231/54571
Milesian „school“
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II11
• Searching of the natural source of things (arche)
https://www.britannica.com/media/full/topic/244231/54571
Thales of Miletus
(c. 624 – 548 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II12
➢The first Greek philosopher, politician,
geometrist, astronomist
✓„everything has a same origin, but a
different form“
✓Source – water (possibly inspired by
the sea)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus
https://www.ephotozine.com/article/how-to-photograph-stormy-seas-15558
Anaximander
(c. 610 – 546 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II13
➢Angular distance measurement
➢ Gnomon (sundial)
➢ Globe of sky
➢ Map of the world
✓Origin – Apeiron (infinite, limitless)
✓The things are arisen from Apeiron by
separation and then disappear - evolution
https://www.aldebaran.cz/famous/people/Ana
ximandros.php
Anaximenes
(c. 585-528 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II14
✓Origin – (infinite) air (apeiros aer)
✓Thickening of air – water, stone
✓Dilution of air - fire
https://cz.pinterest.com/pin/56766472802249481
3/?lp=true
Milesian „school“
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II15
• Searching of origin/source (arche)
• Rational way of thinking
• Principle of follow Greek philosophy and modern science
• Reductionism
✓Simplification - one origin/source (monism)
✓Principle of modern science
✓An opposite approach to reductionism is holism – it is not
possible to cover any problems in a holistic way only by
rational thinking, it is necessary to use irrational way of
thinking too (for example intuition)
Pythagorean school
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II16
• The first real school of philosophy
• Searching for mathematical rules of logos/harmony
https://www.britannica.com/media/full/topic/244231/54571
Pythagoras
(c. 570-495 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II17
➢Founder of the Pythagorean school
➢ Philosophy had a mystical character and the
school might resemble sect
✓ Introduced „modern“ meaning many terms
like theoria, logos, cosmos etc.
https://www.goodreads.com/phot
o/author/203707.Pythagoras
Pythagoras
(c. 570-495 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II18
https://www.goodreads.com/phot
o/author/203707.Pythagoras
https://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html
Pythagoras
(c. 570-495 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II19
https://www.goodreads.com/phot
o/author/203707.Pythagoras
https://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html
Philosophical meaning of Pyythagora´s Theorem
When you reach higher level, you can find relationships which are not visible on a lower level.
Pythagoras
(c. 570-495 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II20
https://www.goodreads.com/phot
o/author/203707.Pythagoras
https://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html
Philosophical meaning of Pyythagora´s Theorem
When you reach higher level, you can find relationships which are not visible on a lower level.
1
2
3
4
Pythagoreans
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II21
✓Abstract way of thinking
✓Holistic approach
Heraclitus of Ephesus
(c. 540 - 480 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II22
➢Dynamic approach
➢Ever-present change as fundamental
essence
✓There are no static things
➢Origin – fire
✓Fire is dynamic and changes
everything
➢Dynamism is organized by logos
➢ Dynamism may be
also considered as
a fight/antagonism
http://www.xn--ideayaynevi-
5zb.com/adlar/herakleitos.html
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/19
21/einstein/biographical/
https://www.viva.org.uk/what-we-do/celebrity-
supporters/albert-einstein
Eleatics
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II23
• In opposition to Heraclitus
• Emphasized the role of logical thinking
https://www.britannica.com/media/full/topic/244231/54571
Xenophanes
(c. 570-475 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II24
https://www.iep.utm.edu/xenoph/
➢ Rhapsodian
✓Parody to mythology
➢ Ridiculing myths
✓Why should men behave in a good way, if
Greek gods are corrupted?
➢ Ridiculing Heracleitus ???
✓Nothing changes
➢Inspiration to Eleatics
Parmenides
(c. 510-450 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II25
➢ Founder of Eleatic school
✓ What exists, just exists and you can study it (positive
way)
✓Nonexistence cannot exist and if you try to study it, you
will find that is not possible (negative way)
✓Ambiguity (some things exist and some does not) is a
way of fools
✓ There is no movement (movement precepted by our
senses is an illusion)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parm
enides
https://dparut.smugmug.com/Custom-Processing/Specials/i-8c2CVGn/A
Zeno of Elea
(c. 490-430 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II26
➢ Proof by contradiction
➢ Aporia – paradox
✓The arrow
✓Achilles and tortoise
✓Bisection of abscissa
https://www.philosophybasics.com
/philosophers_zeno_elea.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea
Heraclitus – Zen
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II27
✓Limits of logical thinking (argumentum ab absurd)
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/19
21/einstein/biographical/
https://www.viva.org.uk/what-we-do/celebrity-
supporters/albert-einstein
https://dparut.smugmug.com/Custom-Processing/Specials/i-8c2CVGn/A
Preatomists
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II28
• Empedocles
• (c. 490 – 430 BC)
• Synthesis of Herakleitus and Eleats
✓ Everything is based on existence of four
elements (Water, Air, Earth and Fire) which
have been continually transformed by the
powers of Love and Strife
✓ One God is the origin of Motion
• Anaxagoras
• (c. 500 – 428 BC)
• Introduced philosophy in Athens
✓ Four elements replaced with the unlimited
amount of elements (seeds)
✓ Origin of Motion is Nus (abstract
Spirit/God/Mind/Reason), which organized
original chaos to logos
https://theaeoneye.com/tag/empedocles/
https://www.philosophybasics.com/philo
sophers_anaxagoras.html
Atomists
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II29
• Leukippos (c. 500 – 440 BC)
• Democritos (c. 460 – 370 BC)
✓The things are composed of indivisible particles
(atomoi), which naturally move (fall), connect
each other and disconnect (emergence and
extinction of things)
✓Everything is ruled by logos
✓Existence of emptiness
https://www.crystalinks.com/democritus.html
Preatomists – atomists
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II30
✓Synthesis of previous philosophy
✓The first attempt to create a system
Sophists
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II31
• Protagoras (c. 481 – 411 BC)
• Gorgias (483-375 BC)
✓Teachers of logic and rhetoric in Athens
✓Also focused on gnoseology and social issues
(laws, economy)
✓Emphasized the role of rhetoric and
argumentation
✓The second generation falls into formalism
https://radiozurnal.rozhlas.cz/slovaci-se-bavi-cesi-jako-brouk-pytlik-6299979
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II32
Socrates
(470-399 BC)
https://edukalife.blogspot.cz/2015/07/soc
rates-biography-greek-philosopher-is.html
Plato
(427-347 BC)
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/bio
grafia/p/platon.htm
Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monog
rafia/aristoteles/
Socrates
(469-399 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II33
➢Focused on ethical aspects
➢Not interested in cosmology or nature
➢ Dialectic method (dialogue)
✓Socratic paradoxes
• No one desires evil.
• No one does wrong willingly or knowingly.
• Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
• Virtue is sufficient for happiness.
• I know that I know nothing. https://edukalife.blogspot.cz/2015/07/soc
rates-biography-greek-philosopher-is.html
Plato
(427-347 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II34
➢ 35 -36 dialogues, letters
• Early dialogues (Socratic)
✓Socrates´ philosophy
• Dialogues of mature period
✓Platos´ ideas presented by Socrates
• Late dialogues
✓Influence of Aristotle
➢Platonic academy (387-86 BC (430-529))
➢Plato did not like democracy
✓Democracy was responsible for the death of Socrates
✓Democracy lost the war against Sparta
✓Democracy is not constructive (politicians discus too much)
➢Ideas
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/bio
grafia/p/platon.htm
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II35
Material world
Perception
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
https://www.vibrantho
me.co.uk/rice-dk-apple-
green-small-melamine-
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CUP
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II36
Material world
Perception
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
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roducts/tableware/glassescups
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CUP
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II37
Material world
Perception
Ideas (ideal forms)
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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CUP
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II38
Material world
Perception
Ideas (ideal forms)
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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CUP
DISHES
THING
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II39
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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CUP
DISHES
THING
We cannot fully trust perception
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II40
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CafeWallIllusion.html
We cannot fully trust perception
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II41
https://www.google.cz/search?q=parthenon+optical+illusion&tbm=isch&tbs=rimg:Cep4xGmedLt
oIjiYWWxFjsJ55IJhzPYbPG5tLV1IuUuT16-
LZ8KRO29Z7mDP4TOBE5jXVYVC0VP9zZP0lVWJzUWudSoSCZhZbEWOwnnkEby-
lilL8eYIKhIJgmHM9hs8bm0Ri7nPzorVAJ0qEgktXUi5S5PXrxHO7RBEw67e3CoSCYtnwpE7b1nuEWiE
jpL24KYOKhIJYM_1hM4ETmNcRxzIwCqBNCPgqEglVhULRU_13NkxH-
8eV8CpFepCoSCfSVVYnNRa51EaaAZpqd1qCm&tbo=u&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxv8K14tzZAhXMAMA
KHWiBBqgQ9C8IHA&biw=1366&bih=626&dpr=1#imgrc=i2fCkTtvWe4qdM:
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CafeWallIllusion.html
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II42
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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https://www.vibrantho
me.co.uk/rice-dk-apple-
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https://www.dhgate.com/pro
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CUP
DISHES
THING
Generalization
UNIVERSAL ASPECT OF
EVERYTHING
BEINGEXISTENCE
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II43
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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https://www.vibrantho
me.co.uk/rice-dk-apple-
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https://www.dhgate.com/pro
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CUP
DISHES
THING
Generalization
UNIVERSAL ASPECT OF
EVERYTHING
BEINGEXISTENCE
https://www.pilina.cz/pohary-
a-korbely/dreveny-korbel-s-
nerezem/
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II44
Indeterminate Pair of big and small
Spirit
One
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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https://www.vibrantho
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https://www.dhgate.com/pro
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CUP
DISHES
THING
Generalization
1
2
3
4
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II45
Eternal
Indeterminate Pair of big and small
Spirit
One
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Eternal, created
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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CUP
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THING
Generalization
1
2
3
4
1 x 1 = 1
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II46
Eternal
Indeterminate Pair of big and small
Spirit
One
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Eternal, created
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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https://www.dhgate.com/pro
duct/minecraft-creeper-face-
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CUP
DISHES
THING
Generalization
UNIVERSAL ASPECT OF
EVERYTHING
BEINGEXISTENCE
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II47
Eternal
Indeterminate Pair of big and small
Spirit
One
Material world
Perception
Temporary, unstable
Ideas (ideal forms)
Soul
Eternal, created
Active principle Passive principle Principle of cognition
http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/p
roducts/tableware/glassescups
mugs/f%C3%A4rgrik-mug-
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https://www.vibrantho
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https://www.dhgate.com/pro
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CUP
DISHES
THING
Generalization
UNIVERSAL ASPECT OF
EVERYTHING
BEINGEXISTENCE
Republic
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II48
➢ Logic excercise, not meant as a guide
➢ Socratic paradox
✓ Good ideas may result in bad things when we try to implement them in their purest form
➢ An attempt to define ideal political systém, which would immune to such
mistakes as Socrates punishment
➢The citizens would be divided into the three groups according to personal
qualities:
✓Rulers (Philosopher Kings)
✓Warriors/Guardians
✓Workers
➢The citizen would be paired according to their qualities (the best with the
best, the worst with the worst)
➢To prevent rebelion, manipulated draw would be performed (mimicking the will of the
gods)
➢Children would be taken and raised institutionally
➢In the last dialogue (The Laws) direct application of the laws was elaborated
(no more rule of humans)
Allegory of the Cave (Republic)
What is reality?
What we consider to be real
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II49
https://slideplayer.cz/slide/3125141/
Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II50
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monog
rafia/aristoteles/
➢Synthesis of previous philosophy
• A system based on Greek ideals of harmony and moderation.
• Combined two main streams
✓ Physical-materiál (Milesian-Heracleitian-Deomcrititan)
✓ Logical-abstract (Pythagorean-Eleatic-Platonic)
➢Rationalization, categorization
✓ Logic (Organon – tool of thinking – Categories, On interpretation, Analytics,
Topics…)
✓ Nature philosophy (Physics, On the Heavens, History of animals, Generation
of animals, Parts of animals,On the Soul…)
✓ Metaphysics (First philosophy)
✓ Ethics (Ethics, Nicomachean Ethics)
✓ Politics and economy (Politics)
✓ Rhetoric and poetics (Rhetoric, Poetics)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II51
Aristotle
(384-322 BC)
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/mo
nografia/aristoteles/
➢Deductive reasoning
• Aristotle has established formal rules of deduction
• Aristotelian syllogism
✓ 1. General statement (All the men are mortal)
✓ 2. Specific statement (Socrates is a man)
✓ 3. Conclusion (Socrates is mortal)
➢Ideas are not entities, it is just a product of reasoning
➢Emphasized empirism (the most important is, according to Aristotle, tactile
sensation, because all the animals have an ability of tactile sensation)
➢Four causes (on the example of statue)
• Material (marble; Milesian)
• Formal (shape; eleats)
• Efficient (hand of artist, pre-atomists)
• The final cause – meaning (function of the st.; A.)
✓ The most important is the final cause
✓ The universe has been evolved to have a
purpose and to be suitable for creation
of human beings.
✓ Prime mover – a primary cause - God
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II52
Aristotle
(384-322 př.n.l.)
https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/mo
nografia/aristoteles/
➢Theory of the soul
• Based on relation between form (soul) and substance (body)
• The soul is determinant which makes the body real (living)
• Vegetative (Plants, animals, humans)
• Sensory (Animals, humans)
• Rational (Humans)
➢Ethical aspects associated with the theory of the soul
• Humans are rational beings and reasoning should lead to moderation, however sensoric
and vegetative souls should not be supressed too much (no ascetism)
• Golden middle way
• The purpose of life is to develop abilities
➢ Two ways
✓ Ethical – reign of reason over instincts
✓ Dianoetic – improving of reason
➢Ideal political system
• The form of political systém should correspond to the specific need of the nation at that
time
• The relationship between citizen and state should be based on generosity and criterion
of general benefit
„ The whole is greater
than the sum of its parts“
„ The whole is greater
than the sum of its parts“
Philosophy, science and thinking
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II53
Raffael Santi – Athénská škola
(1509-1510)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II54
http://novaakropolis.blogspot.com/2010/09/athenska-skola-rafael-santi.html
Raffael Santi – Athénská škola
(1509-1510)
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II55
1: Zeno of Citium 2: Epicurus 3: unknown 4: Boethius or Anaximander 5: Averroes 6: Pythagoras 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the
Great or Pericles 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon 9: unknown (sometimes identified as Hypatia in recent popular sources) or
Fornarina as a personification of Love (Francesco Maria della Rovere?) 10: Aeschines 11: Parmenides or Nicomachus 12:
Socrates or Anaxagoras 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo?) 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci?) 15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo?) 16:
Diogenes of Sinope or Socrates 17: Plotinus? 18: Euclid or Archimedes (Bramante?) 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare
Castiglione?) 20: Ptolemy R: Apelles (Raphael) 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma or Timoteo Viti)
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C3%A9nsk%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola#/media/File:Raffaello_Scuola_di_Atene_numbered.svg
Judaism
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II56
https://thebibleproject.com/all-videos/
https://thebibleproject.com/other-
resources/posters/
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II57
https://thebibleproject.com/all-videos/
https://thebibleproject.com/other-resources/posters/
Christianity
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II58
https://thebibleproject.com/all-videos/
https://thebibleproject.com/other-resources/posters/
Christianity
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II59
https://thebibleproject.com/all-videos/
https://thebibleproject.com/other-resources/posters/
Christianity
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II60
https://thebibleproject.com/all-videos/
https://thebibleproject.com/other-resources/posters/
Christianity
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II61
https://thebibleproject.com/all-videos/
https://thebibleproject.com/other-resources/posters/
Christianity
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II62
✓Jewish tradition
✓Greek tradition
✓(Roman tradition)
https://geoserver.geo-solutions.it/edu/en/pretty_maps/wms.html
http://www.coaching.net.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Iceberg-for-
blog-from-J-e1371521135440.jpg
The Highest Level of Cerebral Activity II63
https://www.google.com/search?q=tomas+mestanek+filosofie&source=ln
ms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFuprguIbhAhWRZVAKHVBhAQMQ_AU
IDigB&biw=1396&bih=657#imgrc=C0I5cuHC08oBOM:
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1396&bih=657&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=
pM6MXPrGGI-e1fAPp6m1-
A8&q=pribeh+anticke+filosofie&oq=pribeh+anticke+filosofie&gs_l=img.3...1
26551.134421..134886...0.0..0.86.1723.24....2..1....1..gws-wiz-
img.......0j0i67j0i10j0i30j0i5i30j0i8i30.uXg6NmHqY2I#imgrc=rirNmTEakgHBq
M:
https://thebibleproject.com/