1 Department of Anatomy Telencephalon MUDr. Marek Joukal, Ph.D. TELENCEPHALON Hemisphaeria cerebri Fissura longitudinalis cerebri Cortex cerebri Sulci cerebri Gyri cerebri Polus frontalis Polus occipitalis Polus temporalis Hemispheria cerebri facies superolateralis (convexa) facies medialis facies inferior Margines: margo superior margo inferior margo medialis Lobus frontalis Lobus parietalis Lobus occipitalis Lobus temporalis Lobus insulae Division to the lobes: Sulcus lateralis ramus ant., ascen., post. Sulcus centalis Sulcus parietooccipitalis Incisura praeoccipitalis (impresio petrosa) centralis postcentralis praecentralis frontalis sup. frontalis inf. ramus anterior sulci lateralis ramus ascendens sulci lateralis lateralis temporalis inf. temporalis sup. interparietalis parieto- occipit. occipit. trans. occipit. r. posterior s. lateralis Facies superolateralis cerebri – sulci Facies superolateralis cerebri – gyri 2 Facies inferior cerebri – sulci et gyri sulci orbitales s.temporalis inferior s. hippocampi s. collateralis s. occipitotemporalis s. calcarinus cuneus g. occipitotempor.lat. g. occipitotempor.med. g. temporalis inf. g.parahippocampalis uncus g. orbitales g. rectus Facies inferior cerebri – sulci et gyri g. rectus gyri orbitales uncus Facies medialis cerebri – sulci et gyri sulcus corporis callosi sulcus cinguli sulcus centralis sulcus parietooccipitalis sulcus calcarinus Gyrus paraterminalis Area subcallosa Operculum frontale parietale temporale sulcus circularis insulae limen insulae (substantia perforata ant.) gyri breves insulae gyrus longus insulae Lobus insulae Corpus callosum Rostrum corporis callosi Genu corporis callosi Truncus corporis callosi Splenium corporis callosi 3 Indusium griseum Striae longitudinales med., lat. Gyrus fasciolaris Gyrus dentatus Taenia Giacomini Corpora mamillaria Columnae fornicis (pars tecta, pars libera) Corpus fornicis Crura fornicis Commisura fornicis Fimbria hippocampi Alveus hippocampi (white matter on the hippocampus) FORNIX Septum pellucidum Between corpus callosum and columnae fornicis Lamina septi pellucidi Cavum septi pellucidi Cortex cerebri Basal ganglia Phylogenetical division: paleokortex, archicortex, neocortex Gray matter of the telecephalon Basal ganglia (BG) Corpus amygdaloideum Globus pallidus Nucleus caudatus Putamen Claustrum Spread gray matter Substantia innominata Ncl. basalis Ncl. accumbens septi šedá hmota uvnitř mozkových hemisfér Basal ganglia (BG) 4 Basal ganglia – developmental division BG archistriatum paleostriatum (pallidum) neostriatum nucleus caudatus, putamen, claustrum corpus amygdaloideum globus pallidus pars med., ncl.basalis (ncl.subthalamicus, substantia nigra) ventral ventral dorsal globus pallidus pars lat. dorsal ncl. accumbens septi globus pallidus + putamen = nucleus lentiformis Functionally belong to BG: ncl. subthalamicus, substantia nigra (pars reticularis), ncl. ruber, part tegmentum mesencephali 1. Substantia innominata (Reicherti) Ventral pallidum – Ncl. basalis (Meynerti) Ventral neostriatum – ncl. accumbens 2. Septal area Precommissural part (connection with LS) Septal nuclei Supracommissural pars (septum pellucidum) ncl. accumbens Basal telencephalon Ncl. basalis (Meynerti) – ventral pallidum (vetrobasal from ncl. lentiformis) Ncl. accumbens septi – ventral neostriatum (in front of commisura ant. next to septa) Production of acetylcholine Distribution fo acetylcholine Jádro drogové závislosti a touhy Ncl. accumbens septi – receptors for drugs, alcohol and nicotine Cortex cerebri 3, 2,1 Primary somatosensory cortex 4 primary motor cortex 6 secondary motor cortex and premotor cortex 41, 42 Primary and secondary auditory cortex 17 Primary visual cortex 18, 19 Secondary visual cortex 43 Taste 52 Brodmann´s areas 5 Somatotopic organization https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/homunculus-sensory-motor-cortex Broca´s area (motor) –gyrus frontalis inf. a 44, 45 Wernicke´s area (sensory) – a 22, 39, 40 Cortex cerebri – language center Somatosensory and sensory Motor Limbic forebrain Associative cortex • Reactions connected with survival (food finding, protection against danger – attack, flight…) • Reactions joined with survival of breed (partnership, sexual behaviour, maternity behaviour) • Emotions control • somatovegetative regulation (praemotor cortex) • Together with thalamus controls visceral functions (visceral brain) • memory (hippocampus, orientation) Limbic system Cortical structures of the limbic system area subcallosa gyrus cinguli gyrus parahippocampalis gyrus paraterminalis indusium griseum striae longitudinales corporis callosi gyrus fasciolaris hippocampus (gyrus dentatus, cornu Ammonis, subiculum) paleocortex (olphactory brain) lobus insulae Frontal lobe (praemotor cortex - area 6) Frontal corossection throught hippocampus (hippocampal formation) 6 Paleocortex Amygdalar complex! hypothalamus (corpora mamillaria) ncl. thalamici ant. septum Part of epithalamu (ncl. habenulae) fornix – connection of the LS claustrum? Subcortical structures of the limbic system Amygdalar complex – connections of the LS localization – next to polus temporalis, infront of cornu inf. ventriculi lat. Main function: afferentation – acquire and modulate information inputs through AC to other parts of LS efferentation – connection with othe BG, thalamus (premotor cortex), hypothalamus, brain stem (PAG – behavioral reaction, e.g. stress) Division of the amygdalar ncll.: 1. corticomedial – phylogenetically old (connection with paleocortex and subcortical structures) 2. basolateral – phylogenetically younger (connection with neocortical cortex analysors) 3. ncl. centralis (efferent pathways – e.g. stria terminalis) Connection of the LS – Pepez circuit (James Papez 1939) 1. gyrus cinguli 2. gyrus parahippocampalis + hippocampus 3. crura fornicis (fimbria hippocampi) 4. corpus fornicis 5. corpora mamillaria tractus mamillothalamicus 6. ncl. thalamici ant. + afferentation to gyrus cinguli Original imagination of the LS connections Connections of the LS – efferent pathways Connections with hypothalamus • Effect on the centers controlling sympathicus and parasympathicus (e.g. visceral symptoms of emotions fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis, fasciculus tegmentalis centralis) • Effect on secretory ncll. of hypothalamus (effect on endocrine glands secretion) • afferentation to the cortex (tr. mamillothalamicus, tr. thalamocorticalis), e.g. Store findings in memory Connections of limbic system – efferent pathways Connections with ncll. habenulares via stria medullaris (tr. habenulointerpeduncularis) to mesencephalon (ncl. interpeduncularis, tectum mesencephali) –> RF to thalamus and cortex (coordination of sensory impulses) Connections with basal ganglia Connections with ncl. accumbens, globus pallidus, substantia nigra mesencephali Continue via thalamus to premotor cortex in frontal lobe motor signs of emotions (somatovisceral reactions – gesture, lough, agression, abstinent signs). All structures together (limbic system + BG + thalamus + premotoric cortex) = limbic forebrain 7 White matter of telencephalon Substantia alba – fills a gap between BG and cortex Commisural pathways Connections of the cortical centers between right and left hemisphere Projection pathways Ascending and descending connections of appropriate parts of the CNS Association pathways Connects cortical centers within the hemisphere Commisural pathways Corpus callosum commissure of neocortex (200 mil. fibers) forceps minor, forceps major Commissura anterior pars ant. - commissure of paleocortex pars post. – commisure of neocortex Commisura fornicis Commissure of archicortexu (LS) Commisural pathway also in lower parts of the CNS (e.g. diencephalon): Commisura posterior, commisura habenularum, adhesio interthalamica Projection pathways – capsula interna T H NC G P P u (fibrae arcuatae) Association pathways References Dubový, P., Jančálek, R.: Základy neuroanatomie a nervových drah I. Masarykova univerzita Brno, 2013 Dokládal, M., Páč, L.: Anatomie člověka III. Masarykova univerzita v Brně, 1995. Čihák, R.: Anatomie 3. Praha, Grada, 2001, 2004 Sobotta, J.: Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol1 –2 Munich, Urban und Schwarzenberg, 1993 Páč, L., Vargová, L., Čuta, M. : Anatomie pro antropology III. Nadace universitas, Akademické nakladatelství CERM. Masarykova univerzita 2013. Wiliams, P. & Warvick, R.: Gray´s Anatomy, 37 ed, Churhill Livingstone, 1996 Netter, F.:Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th ed., Elseviesr, USA, 2006