Coordination of movements
Margo ant., incisura cerebeIIi ant. Margo post., incisura cerebeIIi post.
Vermis
Hemispheres
Pars flocculonodularis
Folia, lobuli, lobi
Developmental anatomy
Afferents from vestib. labyrinth
fish, amphibians
Afferents from spinal cord and brainstem
reptiles, birds, mammals
Afferents from
cortex
telencephali
Archi
cerebellum
VESTIBULO -CEREBELLUM
SPINO -
CEREBELLUM
Neo
cerebellum
PONTO -CEREBELLUM
Structure of the cerebellum
Grey matter Cortex cerebelli
str. moleculare <- str. ganglionare - str. granulare
Nuclei cerebellares
White matter Subst. medullaris laminae albae (arbor vitae)
Pedunculi cerebellares
1 ncl. dentatus
2 ncl. emboliformis    Niiclei ceľebelli
3 ncll. globosi
4 ncl. fastigii
1 median zone
2 paramedian zone   L. flocculonodularis
3 lateral zone
Vestibulocereb. ncll. vestibuläres
Spinocereb.     ncll. fastigii, emboliformes, globosi
Neocereb.       ncl. dentatus
trr spinocerebellars tr. curteocerebellaris
tr pontocerebeJIaris
lobus flocculonoclularis
tr. vestibulocerebeJIaris
Pedunculi cerebel. inf.
tr. sp-ce post., cuneo-ce, bulbo-ce, ve-ce, re-ce, olivo-ce
<r- from lobus flocculonodul. do ncll. vestibulares (tr. ce-ve) to RF of the brainstem (tr. ce-re)
Pedunculi cerebel. medii tr. ponto-ce
Pedunculi cerebel. sup.
tr. sp-ce ant., ru-ce a afferents from ncl. mesenceph. CN V
<- from ncll. emboliformes, globosi and dentatus
Afferents : efferents = 40:1
Pathways of the cerebellum
Afferents to the cortex cerebelli
from vestib. labyrinth from spinal cord and brainstem
from cortex of the brain
Efferents from the nuclei to brainstem, thalamus
Function of the cerebellum
archicerebellum > posture and eye movements
paleocerebellum > progressive movements (walking, swimming etc.)
neocerebellum > manipulative movements and speech
Ataxia inability to stand upright without support
Dysmetria ^overshooting" - the hand may travel past the target
Dyssynergia incoordination
Adiadochokinesia inability to perform rapid alternating movements
DIENCEPHALON
thaIamus epithaIamus subthaIamus hypothaIamus (metathaIamus)
Thalamus
tuberculum ant. pulvinar
stria medullaris (tela choroidea ventr. III.)
fissura transversa cerebri
taenia choroidea
(tela choroidea ventr. lat.)
lamina affixa thalami stria terminalis
Epithalamus
stria medullaris thalami trigona habenularum commissura habenularum et post. corpus pineale (epiphysis cerebri)
Subthalamus
Involved in motor circuits
Grey matter
<- ncl. subthalamicus
part of subst. nigra part of globus pallidus
<- zona incerta
White matter
Fasc. thalamicus Fasc. lenticularis Ansa lenticularis Fasc. subthalamicus
MetathaIamus
1 corp. genicuIatum med.
brachium colliculi inf. - colliculus inf. 2
corp. genicuIatum Iat.
brachium coIIicuIi sup. - coIIicuIus sup.
THALAMUS
S relay station of ascending pathways
S involved in motor circuits
S reciprocal connections to the association areas of the cerebral cortex - functions related to memory, cognition, judgement, mood
Anterior group A ncll. ant.
Lateral group a
dorsal row mSS VL
LD ncl. lat. dors. t
LP ncl. lat. post. ^Bl
ventral row ^\
VA ncl. ventr. ant. VL ncl. ventr. lat. VP ncl. ventr. post.:
VPL ncl. ventr. post-lat VPM ncl. ventr. post-med CGL ncl. corporis gen. lat. CGM ncl. corporis gen. med.
LD       m;DM 1
VL CM VP: VPM VPL
CGM1
Mew& group
DM ncl. dorsomed.
Posterior group
P ncll. pulvinari,post.
Intralaminar group CM n c l . centromed.
R ncll. reticulares
A
P
CGL
Functional groups of nuclei
specific nuclei somatosenzory senzory motor
non-specific nuclei association nuclei
Specific nuclei
VPL
CGM
visual pathway
auditory pathway
tr. sp-th
LM
tr. trig-th
tr. so-th (taste)
VA
Non-specific nuclei
ncll. intralaminares
ncl. medianus
from FR of the brainstem and other thalamic
nuclei
<r- to BG, thalamus, cortex (ARAS)
Projection to the cortex through specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei
integration of SS a S inputs => to cortex reciprocal connections with the association cortex
Function of association nuclei
Interconnection of association areas of the cortex
Thalamic connections
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
control of:
- ANS
- endocrine system
Function of the hypothalamus is related to: control of vital functions that maintain homeostasis control of emotions
Hypothalamic nuclei
from the frontal aspect
ant.   medial post.
Hypothalamic nuclei
from sagittal aspect Anterior nuclei
Periventricul row: ncl. suprachiasmat. Medial row:
ncl. preopticus, ncl. supraopticus, ncl. ant., ncl. paraventr.
periventricular row: ncl. arcuatus
medial row: ncl. ventromed. et ncl. dorsomed.
periventricular + med. rows: ncl. post. et ncl. mamillaris
1. ncl. preopticus
2. ncl. paraventricularis
3. ant. hypoth. area
4. ncl. supraopticus
5. lat. hypoth. area
6. dorsal hypoth.
7. ncl. dorsomedialis
8. ncl. ventromed.
9. post. hypoth. area
10. corpus mammilaris
11. chiasma opticum
12. lamina terminalis
13. commissura ant.
14. sulcus hypothal.
15. adhesio interthal.
16. fornix
17. septum pellucidum
18. fossa interped.
19. thalamus
20. tuber cinereum
21. n. opticus
22. infundibulum
23. lobus ant.
24. lobus post.
Hypophysis cerebri
Lobus ant. adenohypophysis
Pars intermedia
Lobus post. neurohypophysis
(eminentia mediana infundibular stalk lobus post.)
Adenohypophysis
Secretion of hormones:
Thyreotropin
Gonadotropic
Growth
Adrenocorticotropic ...
cells of adenohypophysis are stimulated or inhibited by „releasing" and ^inhibiting" hormones producing in some hypothalamic nuclei (neurosecretion)
S parvocellular neurons reach the median eminence
S from the infundibulum are transported to the adenohypophysis by the portal vessels
ncl. preopticus
ncl. paraventricularis hcl. arcuatus
Ticll. tuberales eminentia med.
a. hypophysea sup.^ hw
primary vascular plexus
„releasing hormones"    -    '\tI% ^inhibiting hormones"
secondary vascular plexus
hypophyseal portal vessel
sinus
cavernosus
drainage into the sinus cavernosus
Neurohypophysis
receives axons of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypoth. nuclei
developmentally - part of diencephalon oxytocin and ADH
neuroendocrine cells reach the posterior lobe of the hypophysis through tr. hypothalamo-hypophysialis
Tr. hypoth.-hypophysialis
Telencephalon
Structure of telencephalon
Gray matter Basal ganglia Cortex
White matter -pathways Projection Commissural Association
Basal ganglia
1 ncl. caudatus
2 globus pallidus
3 putamen
4 claustrum
corp. amygdaloidea
Functionally
5 ncl. subthalamicus
6 substantia nigra
globus pallidus + putamen = ncl. lentif. ncl. caudatus + putamen = corpus striatum
4
Development of BG
Paleostriatum (pallidum) = globus pallidus lat. + med. segment - dorsal pallidum
ventral pallidum
Neostriatum (striatum) ncl. caudatus, putamen - dorsal striatum ncl. accumbens - ventral striatum
Archistriatum
corpus amygdaloideum
Ncl caudatus + putamen = dorsal striatum
Globus pallidus = dorsal pallidum
VS = ventr. striatum (ncl. accumbens septi) VP = ventral pallidum (ncl. basalis Meynerti)
Functional connections of BG
CORTEX
/\
STRIATUM THALAMUS
PALLIDUM
Function of BG
inhibition of cortical and subcortical motor functions
Cerebral cortex	
	ALLOCORTEX
	
NN	3-4 layers
	a) palleocortex (rhinencephalon)
archicortex	b) archicortex
palleocortex	NEOCORTEX
	6 layers
Brodman's map (cytoarchitectonic map of cortex) 11 regiones 52 areae
Functional regions of cortex
Primary motor c. (a 4), primary somatic sensory c. (a 3,1,2), primary visual c. (a 17), primary auditory
c. (a 41,42)
Secondary and association areas
Representation of contralateral body parts
„sensory homunculus" „motor homunculus"
White ma medullan	itter of tl e 1	he telencephalon - corpus Fibers commissural projection association	
1  ■ F -P-			■
Commissural fibers
1 corpus callosum
neocortex
2 commissura ant.
pars ant.- paleocortex pars post. - neocortex
3 commissura fornicis
archicortex
21
Corpus callosum - 300 million fibers
Commissura fornicis et anterior
Projection fibers
short
connections between cortex and BG
reciprocal connections between cortex and thalamus
long
tr. co-sp "> tr. co-ncl
tr. co-ret capsula
tr. co-tec interna
tr. co-ru tr. co-bulb tr. co-po
Association fibers: short (fibrae arcuatae), long