VISUAL APPARATUS
Eyeball (AP diameter 24 - 26 mm)
Layers:
1. tunica fibrosa
2. t. vasculosa
3. t. interna
1 tunica fibrosa    fibrous skeleton of the eyeball
attachment of muscles
Sclera - post. 5/6
■ limbus sclerae
■ sulcus sclerae
■ sinus ven. sclerae
■ l. cribrosa sclerae
Cornea - ant. 1/6
■ limbus corneae
■ facies ant. et post.
2. tunica vasculosa
Choroid (2/3)
S supplies the retina
S pigmented - light-absorbing
S vascular
Corpus ciliare
S attachment for the lens
S controls thickness of the lens
S secretion of aqueous humor
Iris
S contractile diaphragm with a central aperture - pupil
■ facies ant. et post.
■ sphincter, dilator
M. ciliaris
Accommodation of the lens
Innervation: E-W ncl. CN III
M. sphincter pupillae
Miosis
M. dilatator pupillae Mydriasis
E-W ncl. CN III
Symp.ncl.
3. tunica interna
Retina
■ pars optica (rods, cones)
ora serrata
Photoreceptors: Rods
✓120 million
✓ primary source of visual information at
night
✓ used in peripheral vision
Cones ✓7 million ✓detection of color
✓ central fovea - responsible for central vision
Layers of the retina
N. opticus
str. ganglionare n. optici
str. ganglionare retinae
str. neuroepitheliale
str. pigmentosum
Ophthalmoscopy
Macula lutea + fovea centralis
- the area of most acute vision
A. et v. centralis retinae
1a,b a. et v. temporales 2a,b a. et v. nasales
3 a. et v. med. retinae
4 a. et v. macularis
Lens
facies ant.
facias
polus ant.
4mm
Optical power
+ 20 dioptries
polus post.
aequator
Capsula lentis
■ cortex lentis
■ nucleus lentis
Cataracts
S loss of transparency S cloudiness S ageing process
Chambers - camera bulbi ant. et post. Aqueous humor - humor aguosus
Vitreous chamber: vitreous humor, vitreous body
S jelly-like substance with watery fluid S holds the retina in place
S supports the lens
Extraocular muscles
Smooth
■ m. orbitalis (symp.) Palsy = Enophtalmus
■ mm. tarsales (symp.) = Ptosa
Skeletal
■ m. rectus bulbi sup., inf., med., lat.
■ m. obliguus sup., inf.
■ m. levator palp. sup.
m. rectus sup.
m. obliguus sup. (n. IV.) 1^
M
m. rectus med. (n. III.)
L
m. rectus lat. (n. VI.)
m. obliguus inf.
(n. . III.)
m. rectus inf. (n. III.)
Eyelids - palpebrae Conjunctiva
palpebra sup. et inf.
■ commisurae palpebr.
■ rima palpebrarum
■ angulus oculi med. et lat.
■ facies ant. et post.
■ sulcus palpebr. sup. et inf.
Structure of the eyelid
1 septum orbitale
2 tarsus sup. et inf.
3 lig. palp. med. et lat.
skin
■ m. orbicularis oculi
■ septum orbitale + tarsi
■ conjunctiva
Rivus lacrimalis
f.
ant.
f. post.
limbus
limbus
palpebr.
palpebr.
ant.
post.
Gll. tarsales
Tunica conjunctiva
tun. conj. palpebrarum fornix conjunct. sup. et inf. ■ tun. conj. bulbi
Angulus medialis: lacus lacrimalis
■ caruncula lacrimalis
■ plica semilun. conjunctivae
Přídatné orgány oka Apparatus lacrimalis
Glandula lacrimalis
> ductuli excretorii
> lacus lacrimalis
Lacrimal ducts
■ papillae lacrimales
■ puncta lacrimalia
■ canaliculi lacrimales
■ saccus lacrimalis
■ dct. nasolacrimalis
Blood supply A. opthalmica
V ophtalmica sup. V. ophtalmica inf.