Myology



General structure


Caput, venter, cauda

Origo

Insertio

Tendo


Fascia (the entire muscle, as a whole, is covered by a separate fibrous membrane – fascia, which
separates the muscles from adjacent structures)

Flat tendon of muscle =  aponeurosis


Division of muscles according to the shape

Division according to the function


each muscle you will describe according to this schema:

1) Origo

2) Insertio

3) Innervation

4) Function













Mm. capitis


1) MIMETIC MUSCLES

Muscles of the scalp

a)      m. occipitofrontalis

b)  m. temporoparietalis

Muscles of the region of the eyelids (palpebral fissure)

a)      m. orbicularis oculi

b)      m. depressor supercilii

c)      m. corrugator supercilii

d)      m. procerus

Muscles of the nasal region

m. nasalis (size of nares)

m. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Muscles of the mouth region

a)  m. orbicularis oris

b)  m. depressor anguli oris (sadness)

c)  m. depressor labii inferioris (persistence)

d)  m. mentalis (indecision)

e)  m. risorius (laugh)

 f)  m. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

 g)  m. levator labii superioris („bitter“ laugh)

 h)  m. zygomaticus major (laugh, pleasure)

 i)  m. zygomaticus minor

 j)  m. levator anguli oris (self-confidence)

 k)  m. buccinator (satisfaction)


2) MASTICATORY MUSCLES

Mm. masticatorii

1)      M. temporalis

2)  M. masseter

3)  M. pterygoideus medialis

4)  M. pterygoideus lateralis

FASCIAE CAPITIS

1)      Fascia temporalis – makes the „bed“ for m. temporalis

2)      Fascia masseterica – or parotideomasseterica (covers even the parotid gland)

3)      Fascia buccopharyngea – from the angulus oris to the wall of pharynx


mm. colli

Superficial layer

1) M. platysma

2 ) M. sternocleidomastoideus

3) Mm. infrahyoidei

a)      m. sternohyoideus

b)      m. sternothyroideus

c)      m. thyrohyoideus

d)      m. omohyoideus

4) Mm. suprahyoidei

a)      m. stylohyoideus

b)      m. digastricus

c)      m. mylohyoideus

d)      m. geniohyoideus

Deep layer of cervical muscles

1) Mm. scaleni

a)      m. scalenus anterior

b)      m. scalenus medius

c)      m. scalenus posterior

(fissura scalenorum)

2) Mm. praevertebrales

a)      m. longus colli

b)      m. longus capitis

c)      m. rectus capitis anterior

d)      m. rectus capitis lateralis

e)      (mm. intertransversarii anteriores cervicis)



Fasciae colli

1) Lamina superficialis

2) Lamina praetrachealis

3) Lamina praevertebralis


Triangles of the neck!



Muscles of the thorax

(mm. thoracis)

I.

1. M. pectoralis major

2. M. pectoralis minor

3. M. subclavius

4. M. serratus anterior

II.

1. Mm. intercostales externi

2. Mm. intercostales interni

3. Mm. intercostales intimi (inermost intercostal)

4. M. transversus thoracis

III.

Diaphragma


Fasciae of the thorax

1)      fascia pectoralis superficialis

2)      fascia clavipectoralis

3)      fascia endothoracica







mm. dorsi

A) Heterochtonous musles

I. Spinohumeral muscles

a)      M. trapezius

b)      M. latissimus dorsi

c)      M. levator scapulae

d)      M. rhomboideus minor

e)      M. rhomboideus major
II. Spinocostal muscles

a)      M. serratus posterior superior

b)      M. serratus posterior iferior

c)      (mm.levatores costarum)


B) Intrinsic muscles of the back (autochtounous muscles)

I. Spinotransversal system

a)      M. splenius capitis

b)      M. splenius cervicis

II. Sakrospinal system (m. erector spinae)

a)      m. erector spinae – m. longissimus dorsi et cervicis, m. longissimus capitis, m.
iliocostalis

III. Spinospinal system

a)      m. spinalis thoracis

IV. Transversospinal system

a)   M. semispinalis thoracis et cervicis

b)      M. semispinalis capitis

c)      (Mm. multifidi)

d)      (Mm. rotatores)

V. Short muscles of the back

1)      Mm. interspinales cervicis

2)      Mm. intertransversales posteriores cervicis

3)      Mm. nuchae profundi

a)M. rectus capitis posterior minor

b)    M. rectus capitis posterior major

c)M. obliquus capitis superior

d)    M. obliquus capitis inferior

Trigonum suboccipitale


Fasciae dorsi

fascia thoracolumbalis

aponeurosis lumbalis


Mm. abdominis

I. Ventral group
 1. M. rectus abdominis
 2. M. pyramidalis

II. Lateral group
 1. M. obliquus externus abdominis
 2. M. obliquus internus abdominis
 3. M. transversus abdominis

III. Dorsal group of the abdominal muscles
 1. Mm. intertransversarii laterales lumborum
 2. M. quadratus lumborum


Fasciae of the abdominal muscles

1)      Fascia abdominis superficialis

2)      Lig. fundiforme penis (clitoridis)

3)      Lig. suspensorium penis (clitoridis)

4)      Fascia transversalis


Canalis inguinalis

Content of the inguinal canal: males – funiculus spermaticus (spermatic cord) , females – lig.
teres uteri

Inguinal herniae – direct, indirect

lacuna vasorum and lacuna musculorum