FRAME – ANATOMY1 DENTISTRY ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE OSTEOLOGY ARTHROLOGY MYOLOGY ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE Basic terms of anatomical nomenclature o anatomical position o anatomical planes: sagittal plane (plana sagittalis, planum medianum); frontal plane (plana frontalis); transverse (horizontal) plane (plana transversalis) o axes: longitudinal (axis longitudinalis); sagital (axis sagittalis); transversal (axis transversalis) o directions: cranialis, caudalis; superior, inferior; ventralis, dorsalis; anterior, posterior; medianus, medialis, lateralis; dexter, sinister; superficialis, profundus; externus, internus; proximalis, distalis; radialis, ulnaris; tibialis, fibularis; dorsalis, palmaris, plantaris; mesialis, distalis; vestibularis, oralis; palatinalis, lingualis; labialis, buccalis; occlusalis; rostralis Main parts of human body o head - caput o neck - collum o trunk - truncus: chest (thorax), back (dorsum), belly (abdomen), pelvis (pelvis) o upper limb - membrum superius: arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), hand (manus), back of the hand (dorsum manus), palm (palma manus), fingers (digiti manus) o lower limb - membrum inferius: thigh (femur), lower leg (crus), calf (sura), foot (pes), back of the foot (dorsum pedis), sole (planta pedis), fingers (digiti pedis) OSTEOLOGY_ GENERAL Basic structure of the bone tissue: fundamental functional unit (osteon); substantia compacta, substantia spongiosa, periosteum, endosteum, cavum medullare, medulla ossium (rubra, flava, grisea), bone architecture (trajectories, bone remodeling) Classification of bones according to the shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, pneumatic bones – with examples. In case of long bones description of its parts (proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis) Vascularization and innervation of bones: arteriae nutriciae, veins of the bones; inervation of periosteum OSTEOLOGY_ SPECIAL Skull (cranium) 1. Neurocranium (neurocranium) Occipital bone (os occipitale) o pars basilaris: clivus, tuberculum pharyngeum o partes laterales: condylus occipitalis, fossa condylaris, canalis condylaris, incisura jugularis, canalis nervi hypoglossi o squama occipitalis: protuberantia occipitalis externa; crista occipitalis externa; linea nuchae suprema, superior et inferior; planum nuchale; planum occipitale; fossae cerebrales; fossae cerebellares; sulcus sinus transversi; sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris; protuberantia occipitalis interna; crista occipitalis interna; eminentia cruciformis Sphenoid bone (os sphenoidale) o corpus ossis sphenoidalis: processus clinoidei posteriores; sella turcica; dorsum sellae; fossa hypophysialis; sulcus chiasmatis; sulcus caroticus; lingula sphenoidalis; rostrum sphenoidale; crista sphenoidalis; sinus sphenoidalis (apertura sinus sphenoidalis) o alae minores ossis sphenoidalis: canalis opticus; processus clinoidei anteriores; fissura orbitalis superior o alae majores ossis sphenoidalis: foramen rotundum, ovale et spinosum; spina ossis sphenoidalis; facies - cerebralis, temporalis, infratemporalis, orbitalis, maxillaris o processus pterygoidei ossis sphenoidalis: lamina medialis et lateralis; fossa pterygoidea, fossa scaphoidea, hamulus pterygoideus, canalis pterygoideus Frontal bone (os frontale) o squama frontalis: tuber frontale; margo supraorbitalis; incisura /foramen frontale; incisura /foramen supraorbitale; arcus superciliares o partes orbitale: fossa glandulae lacrimalis; fovea trochlearis; foramen ethmoidale anterius et posterius o pars nasalis: sinus frontalis Parietal bone (os parietale) foramina parietalia; tubera parietalia; linea temporalis superior et inferior; sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris; sulci arteriae meningeae mediae Temporal bone (os temporale) o pars petrosa (os petrosum, pyramis) Apex; basis; facies (anterior, posterior, inferior, ventrobasalis); margo (superior, inferior) § facies anterior pyramidis: impressio trigeminalis; hiatus et sulcus nervi petrosi majoris; hiatus et sulcus nervi petrosi minoris; eminentia arcuata, tegmen tympani § facies posterior pyramidis: sulcus sinus petrosi superioris et inferioris; porus acusticus internus; meatus acusticus internus; fundus meatus acustici interni (crista transversa, introitus canalis nervi facialis); apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli; apertura externa canaliculi cochleae; incisura jugularis, sulcus sinus sigmoidei § facies inferior pyramidis: apertura externa canalis carotici; fossa jugularis (canaliculus mastoideus); fossula petrosa (apertura externa canaliculi tympanici) § facies ventrobasalis: will be discussed with the structures of the auditory system o pars squamosa: squama ossis temporalis; processus zygomaticus; porus acusticus externus; fossa mandibularis; tuberculum articulare o pars mastoidea: processus mastoideus (antrum mastoideum, celullae mastoideae); incisura mastoidea; sulcus arteriae occipitalis, incisura digastrica o pars tympanica: incisura tympanica; sulcus tympanicus; fissura petrosquamosa (fissura petrotympanica et petrosquamosa); fissura tympanomastoidea o processus styloideus (foramen stylomastoideum) Cannals in temporal bone § Canalis caroticus: apertura externa canalis carotici, canaliculi caroticotympanici, apertura interna canalis carotici § Canalis nervi facialis: fundus meatus acustici interni (introitus canalis nervi facialis), foramen stylomastoideum § Canaliculus chordae tympani: cavum tympani, fissura petrotympanica § Canalis musculotubarius: septum canalis musculotubarii: semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani, semicanalis tubae auditivae § Canaliculus mastoideus: fossa jugularis, fissura tympanomastoidea § Canaliculus tympanicus: fossula petrosa, (cavum tympani), hiatus nervi petrosi minoris § Aquaeductus vestibuli: apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli § Canaliculus cochleae: apertura externa canaliculi cochleae 2. Facial skeleton, viscerocranium (splanchnocranium) Maxilla, upper jaw (maxilla) o corpus maxillae: § facies orbitalis: sulcus et canalis infraorbitalis; canales alveolares § facies anterior: foramen infraorbitale; fossa canina; crista infrazygomatica; incisura nasalis; spina nasalis anterior § facies infratemporalis: tuber maxillae; foramina alveolaria; canales alveolares posteriores § facies nasalis: hiatus sinus maxillaris § sinus maxillaris (hiatus semilunaris; recessus frontalis, zygomaticus, palatinus et alveolaris) o processus frontalis: crista lacrimalis anterior; crista ethmoidalis; crista conchalis o processus zygomaticus o processus alveolaris: alveoli dentales; septa interalveolaria, septa intraalveolaria (interradicularia); juga alveolaria o processus palatinus: sulci palatini; foramen incisivum; os incisivum; torus palatinus Nasal bone (os nasale): sutura internasalis Lacrimal bone (os lacrimale): crista lacrimalis posterior; sulcus lacrimalis Vomer (vomer): alae vomeris Inferior nasal turbinate, inferior nasal concha (concha nasalis inferior): processus maxillaris, lacrimalis et ethmoidalis Zygomatic bone, facial bone (os zygomaticum) o corpus ossis zygomatici: facies orbitalis, facies lateralis, facies temporalis; foramen zygomaticoorbitale (foramen zygomaticofaciale et zygomaticotemporale) o processus: frontalis, maxillaris, temporalis Palatal bone (os palatinum) o lamina horizontalis: spina nasalis posterior; foramen palatinum majus; foramina palatina minora; processus pyramidalis o lamina perpendicularis: processus orbitalis; processus sphenoidalis; incisura sphenopalatina Ethmoidal bone (os ethmoidale) o lamina perpendicularis: septum nasi osseum; crista galli; foramen caecum o lamina cribrosa o labyrinthus ethmoidalis: celullae ethmoidales anteriores, medii et posteriores; bulla ethmoidalis; concha nasalis superior; concha nasalis media (processus uncinatus); facies orbitalis Mandible, lower jaw (mandibula) o corpus mandibulae: trigonum mandibulae (protuberantia mentalis, tuberculum mentale); spina mentalis; fossae digastricae; processus alveolaris (alveoli dentales, juga alveolaria, septa interalveolaria, septa intraalveolaria, septa interradicularia); trigonum retromolare; linea mylohyoidea; fovea sublingualis; fovea submandibularis; foramen mentale; canalis mandibulae; angulus mandibulae o ramus mandibulae: processus coronoideus (crista temporalis); processus condylaris (caput mandibulae, collum mandibulae, fovea/fossa pterygoidea); incisura mandibulae; linea obliqua; foramen mandibulae; canalis mandibulae; lingula mandibulae; sulcus mylohyoideus; tuberositas masseterica; tuberositas pterygoidea Hyoid bone, tongue bone (os hyoideum) – corpus; cornua minora; cornua majora Skull as a whole o Description of the plane X-ray picture of the skull - in sagittal and lateral projection o Newborn skull § ratio neurocranium : splanchnocranium § narrow fibrous bands between flat bones (instead of sutures), that are spatially enlarged, and forms fonticuli (fonticulus major et minor – position, age of obliteration; fonticulus sphenoidalis et mastoideus – position) o Cranial cavities – limitation; anatomical structures; communication (connection) with surrounding cavities § basis cranii interna: fossa cranii anterior; fossa cranii media; fossa cranii posterior § fossa temporalis; fossa infratemporalis; pterygopalatine fossa § orbita; cavitas nasi ossea Skeleton of the trunk Vertebrae (vertebrae) o general vertebral characteristics (corpus vertebrae, pediculus arcus vertebrae, arcus vertebrae, foramen vertebrae, processus spinosus, processus transversi, processus articulares) o specialities of individual vertebral groups: § vertebrae cervicales: foramen processus transversi. Atlas (arcus anterior et posterior, tuberculum anterius et posterius, fovea dentis, foveae articulares superiores et inferiores, massae laterales atlantis), orientation of atlas. Axis (dens axis, facies articularis anterior axis). C6 – tuberculum caroticum; C7 - vertebra prominens § vertebrae thoracicae: foveae costales, facies costales processus transversi § vertebrae lumbales: processus costarii, processus accessorii, processus mammilares § vertebrae sacrales: os sacrum § vertebrae coccygeae: os coccygis Sacral bone (os sacrum) o basis ossis sacri: processus articulares superiores, promontorium o facies pelvina: foramina sacralia pelvina, lineae transversae o facies dorsalis: crista sacralis mediana, intermedia et lateralis, foramina sacralia dorsalia, cornua sacralia, hiatus sacralis, apex ossis sacri, canalis sacralis o partes laterales ossis sacri: facies auricularis, tuberositas sacralis Coccyx bone (os coccygis) cornua coccygea, apex ossis coccygis Sternal bone (sternum) o manubrium sterni: incisura jugularis; incisurae claviculares; incisurae costales; angulus sterni o corpus sterni: incisurae costales o processus xiphoideus (synchondrosis xiphisternalis) Ribs (costae) o costae verae; costae spuriae; costae fluctuantes o general characteristic of the rib: corpus costae (sulcus costae, crista costae, angulus costae); caput costae (facies articularis); collum costae (tuberculum costae, facies articularis tuberculi costae) o typical structures of 1. and 2. rib: 1. rib - sulcus arteriae subclaviae, tuberculum musculi scaleni anterioris et medii; 2. rib - tuberculum musculi scaleni posterioris Skeleton of upper limb (skeleton membri superioris) Shoulder blade (scapula) o facies dorsalis scapulae: spina scapulae; acromion; facies articularis; fossa supraspinata; fossa infraspinata o facies costalis scapulae: fossa subscapularis o angulus scapulae: superior, inferior, lateralis (cavitas glenoidalis, tuberculum supraglenoidale, tuberculum infraglenoidale, collum scapulae) o margo scapulae: lateralis; medialis; superior (processus coracoideus scapulae, incisura scapulae) Collarbone, clavicle (clavicula) o corpus claviculae: extremitas sternalis (facies articularis sternalis); extremitas acromialis (facies articularis acromialis) o facies: superior, inferior Arm bone (humerus) o proximal epiphysis: caput humeri; collum humeri (anatomicum et chirurgicum); tuberculum majus et minus; sulcus intertubercularis; crista tuberculi majoris et minoris o diaphysis: tuberositas deltoidea; sulcus nervi radialis o distal epiphysis: epicondylus medialis et lateralis; sulcus nervi ulnaris; fossa olecrani; fossa radialis; fossa coronoidea; capitulum humeri; trochlea humeri Ulna (ulna) o proximal epiphysis: olecranon; processus coronoideus; incisura trochlearis; incisura radialis; tuberositas ulnae o diaphysis: margo interosseus o distal epiphysis: caput ulnae (circumferentia articularis capitis ulnae); processus styloideus Radial bone (radius) o proximal epiphysis: caput radii (fovea capitis radii, circumferentia articularis radii); collum radii; tuberositas radii o diaphysis: margo interosseus o distal epiphysis: incisura ulnaris radii; facies articularis carpalis radii; processus styloideus Carpal bones (ossa carpi) o os scaphoideum (tuberculum ossis scaphoidei); os lunatum; os triquetrum; os pisiforme; os trapezium (tuberculum ossis trapezii); os trapezoideum; os capitatum; os hamatum (hamulus ossis hamati) o eminentia carpi medialis et lateralis, sulcus carpi Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpi) basis, corpus et caput ossis metacarpi; ossa sesamoidea Phalanges of hand fingers (phalanges digitorum manus) o II.-IV. finger: phalanx proximalis, media et distalis; I. prst: phalanx proximalis et distalis o phalanx proximalis et media: basis, corpus et caput o phalanx distalis: basic, corpus et trochlea (tuberositas phalangis distalis) Skeleton of lower limb (skeleton membri inferioris) Pelvic bone, coxal bone (os coxae) iliac bone (os ilium); pubic bone (os pubis); sciatic bone (os ischii): corpus ossis ilii; ala ossis ilii; fossa iliaca; linea arcuata; facies auricularis; linea glutea anterior, posterior et inferior; crista iliaca; spina iliaca anterior superior; spina iliaca anterior inferior; spina iliaca posterior superior; spina iliaca posterior inferior; eminentia iliopubica; incisura ischiadica major; corpus ossis pubis; ramus superior ossis pubis; sulcus obturatorius, pecten ossis pubis, tuberculum pubicum; ramus inferior ossis pubis; facies symphysialis; corpus ossis ischii; ramus ossis ischii; tuber ischiadicum; spina ischiadica; incisura ischiadica minor Femur, thigh-bone (femur) o proximal epiphysis: caput femoris (fovea capitis femoris) o diaphysis: collum femoris; trochanter major et minor; linea aspera; tuberositas glutea o distal epiphysis: condylus medialis et lateralis; fossa intercondylaris; epicondylus medialis et lateralis; facies patellaris; planum popliteum Knee-cap (patella) – sesamoid bone, basis patellae, apex patellae, facies articularis patellae Tibia, shin bone (tibia) o proximal epiphysis: condylus medialis et lateralis (facies articulares superiores, eminentia intercondylaris, tuberculum intercondylare mediale et laterale, area intercondylaris anterior et posterior), facies articularis fibularis o diaphysis: margo anterior, medialis et interosseus, tuberositas tibiae o distal epiphysis: malleolus medialis (facies articularis malleoli medialis), facies articularis inferior tibiae, incisura fibularis Fibula, calf bone (fibula) o proximal epiphysis: caput fibulae (facies articularis capitis fibulae) o diaphysis: margo interosseus o distal epiphysis: malleolus lateralis (facies articularis malleoli lateralis) Talus (talus) o caput tali (facies articularis navicularis) o collum tali o corpus tali (trochlea - facies articulares for articulation with tibia and fibula; facies articularis calcanea anterior, media et posterior, sulcus tali; processus posterior tali; processus lateralis tali) Calcaneus (calcaneus) facies articularis cuboidea; facies articulares talares anterior, media et posterior; sulcus calcanei; sustentaculum tali; tuber calcanei Navicular (os naviculare) – articulation (connection) with surrounding bones Cuboid bone (os cuboideum) – articulation (connection) with surrounding bones Cuneiform bones (ossa cuneiformia): os cuneiforme mediale, intermedium et laterale – articulation (connection) with surrounding bones Metatarsal bones (ossa metatarsi): basis, corpus et caput ossis metatarsi Phalanges feet fingers (phalanges digitorum pedis) o II.-IV. finger: phalanx proximalis, media et distalis; I. prst: phalanx proximalis et distalis o phalanx proximalis et media: basis, corpus et caput o phalanx distalis: basic, corpus et trochlea (tuberositas phalangis distalis)