splanchnocranium - Consists of part of skull that is derived from branchial arches - The facial bones are the bones of the anterior and lower human skull Bones nEthmoid bone nInferior nasal concha nLacrimal bone nMaxilla nNasal bone nPalatine bone nVomer nZygomatic bone nMandible n Ethmoid bone n nThe ethmoid is a single bone, which makes a significant contribution to the middle third of the face. It is located between the lateral wall of the nose and the medial wall of the orbit and forms parts of the nasal septum, roof and lateral wall of the nose, and a considerable part of the medial wall of the orbital cavity. In addition, the ethmoid makes a small contribution to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. n nThe ethmoid bone can be divided into four parts, the perpendicular plate, the cribriform plate and two ethmoidal labyrinths. Important landmarks include: n• Perpendicular plate n• Cribriform plate n• Crista galli. n• Ala. n• Ethmoid labyrinths n• Medial (nasal) surface. n• Orbital plate. n• Superior nasal concha. n• Middle nasal concha. n• Anterior ethmoidal air cells. n• Middle ethmoidal air cells. n• Posterior ethmoidal air cells. n nAttachments nThe falx cerebri (slide) attaches to the posterior border of the crista galli. n n nlamina cribrosa 1 ncrista galli 2 nlamina perpendicularis 3 nlabyrinthi ethmoidales 4 ncellulae ethmoidales anteriores et posteriores 5 nlamina orbitalis 6 n concha nasalis media 7 nprocessus uncinatus 8 http://old.lf3.cuni.cz/ustavy/anatomie/atlas/images/osteologie/os_ethmoidale_inf.jpg http://old.lf3.cuni.cz/ustavy/anatomie/atlas/images/osteologie/os_ethmoidale_lat.jpg Inferior nasal concha nEach inferior nasal concha consists of a curved plate of bone attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Each consists of inferior and superior borders, medial and lateral surfaces, and anterior and posterior ends. n nThe superior border serves to attach the bone to the lateral wall of the nose, articulating with four different bones. The anterior third of the superior border articulates with the conchal crest of the maxilla and the posterior third with the conchal crest of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone. The middle third of the upper border shows three small processes: lacrimal, maxillary and ethmoidal processes. n nThe concha’s longer inferior border lies free within the nasal cavity. It is thickened and often curves inwards. n nThe inferior nasal concha exhibits the following landmarks: n• Anterior end. n• Posterior end. n• Lateral surface. n• Medial surface. n• Ethmoidal process. n• Lacrimal process. n• Maxillary process. n Lacrimal bone n nThe two bones are small, thin and rectangular. They each lie in the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit. Anteriorly, the lacrimal bone articulates with the frontal process of the maxilla. Posteriorly, the bone meets the orbital plate of the ethmoid. Superiorly, it joins the frontal bone and inferiorly, the maxilla. n nThe lacrimal bone exhibits the following landmarks: n• Nasal surface. n• Orbital surface. n• Posterior lacrimal crests. n• Lacrimal grooves. n• Fossa for lacrimal sac. n• Lacrimal hamulus. n• Descending process. n nAttachments nThe lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle arises from the lateral surface of the lacrimal bone. Maxilla n nThe maxillary bones occupy the central part of the face and support the teeth of the upper jaw. They contribute to much of the skeleton of the upper face including the nasal aperture, the bridge of the nose, the floor of the orbital cavities and the bones of the cheeks. n nEach bone consists of a body and four processes: the frontal, zygomatic, alveolar and palatine processes. The body forms the main bulk of the bone and possesses anterior, orbital, nasal and infratemporal (posterior) surfaces. n n nThe maxillary bones show many articulations. On the face, the maxillary bones articulate with each other, the nasal bones, the nasal cartilages and the frontal bone. Laterally, they articulate with the zygomatic bones. Each maxillary bone also joins with the vomer, the septal cartilage, the lacrimal bone, the ethmoid bone and the inferior nasal concha to contribute to the skeleton of the nasal fossa and the orbit. n nAttachments nThe maxilla provides attachment for buccinator, depressor septi, incisivus labii superioris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris, orbicularis oculi, and nasalis. n n Nasal bone n nThe two nasal bones form the upper part of the bridge of the nose. Each nasal bone is quadrilateral, being longer than it is wide. n nThe nasal bone exhibits the following features: n• Superior border. n• Inferior border. n• Medial border. n• Lateral border. n• Internal surface. n• External surface. n• Grooves for anterior ethmoidal nerve. n• Vascular foramina. n nThe superior border articulates with the nasal part of the frontal bone. The inferior border forms the superior boundary of the anterior nasal aperture. The lateral border meets the frontal process of the maxilla and the medial border meets its fellow in the midline. n nAttachments nThe procerus muscle is attached to the external surface of the nasal bone and the lateral nasal cartilage to the inferior border. n Palatine bone nThe palatine bone is found at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. It contributes to the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit; it contributes to the formation of the pterygopalatine and pterygoid fossae; and one fissure, the inferior orbital fissure. n nThe palatine bone is L-shaped, and consists of a horizontal plate and a vertical perpendicular plate and four processes: the pyramidal, orbital, maxillary and sphenoidal processes. n nThe horizontal plate is a quadrilateral plate of bone that forms the posterior quarter of the hard palate when articulated with its fellow; it has a nasal surface and four borders: anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. The perpendicular plate is rectangular, the vertical dimension being approximately twice that of the antero-posterior dimension. It has two surfaces, the maxillary and nasal, and four borders: anterior, posterior, superior and inferior. n Vomer nThe vomer is a single thin plate of bone, shaped like a ‘ploughshare’ and forms the postero-inferior portion of the nasal septum (slide). n nIt possesses two lateral surfaces and four borders, anterior, inferior, superior and posterior. All borders accept the posterior border articulate with the adjacent bones. The posterior border is free and does not articulate with any other structures. It is slightly concave and slopes antero-inferiorly to form a prominent midline ridge between the two posterior nasal apertures. n nThe vomer exhibits the following landmarks: n• Ala. n• Site of articulation with septal cartilage. n• Site of articulation with ethmoid bone. n• Site of articulation with maxilla and palatine bone. n• Site of articulation with sphenoid bone. n• Groove for nasopalatine nerve and vessels. n• Groove for ethmoidal nerve. n nThe anterior border is the longest border on the bone and slopes antero-inferiorly. It articulates with the nasal septal cartilage and with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The inferior border lies anterior to the superior border and articulates with the median maxillary and palatine nasal crests. Finally, the superior border articulates with the vaginal process and the body of the sphenoid bone. n Zygomatic bone nThe two zygomatic bones form the skeleton of the cheeks. Each bone has: three surfaces; lateral (antero-lateral), temporal (postero-medial) and orbital, five borders; orbital (antero-superior), maxillary (antero-inferior), temporal (postero-superior), postero-inferior and postero-medial and two processes, the frontal and temporal. n nThe lateral surface is smooth and slightly convex. The entire surface of the zygomatic bone viewed medially is called the ‘temporal surface’. It can be subdivided into two regions. Anteriorly, it shows a roughened area for articulation with the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Posteriorly, the temporal surface includes the lower surface of the orbital plate and the temporal surface of the temporal process. This posterior region is smooth and forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa. n http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/images/image165.gif http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/images/image166.gif Mandible nThe mandible consists of a horizontal, horseshoe-shaped body and two vertical rami. The body of the mandible supports the mandibular teeth within the alveolar processes. The rami of the mandible articulate with the temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints. n nAttachments nIt gives attachments to anterior bellies of the digastric muscle, geniohyoid (slide), genioglossus, mylohyoid (slide), masseter, buccinator, medial and lateral pterygoid, mentalis, temporalis, incisivus labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, platysma muscles and part of the orbicularis oris. It also gives attachment to the sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments and the pterygomandibular raphe. n n