BASIC OF CRANIOMETRY                 and                            CEPHALOMETRY



I. Craniometry
technique used to measure dry skull after removal of its soft parts
II. Cephalometry
technique used to measure the head
Both are the branches of physical anthropology

Cephalometre
A landmark on the skull from which craniometric/ cephalometric measurements can be taken are
craniometric / cephalometric points
cephalometer 203x300 Cephalic Index

I. Cranimetry
Points
§ Unpaired:
nasion, glabella, bregma, akanthion, lambda, orale, opisthocranion, basion, staphylion
§
§ Binate:
pteryon, porion, euryon, zygion, gonion,
endomolare

endomolare
basion
orale
staphylion

glabella
nasion
akanthion
gnathion
bregma
opistocranion
lambda

porion
pteryon


zygion
euryon
gonion

Length: glabella - opisthocranion
Width:   euryon - euryon
High:     bregma - basion
Size of the skull

Length: nasion - gnathion
Width:   zygion - zygion
Size of the face

Width: endomolara - endomolare
Length: orale - staphylion
Size of the palatum

Cephalic index
the ratio of the maximum width of the head multiplied by 100 divided by its maximum length (i.e.,
in the horizontal plane, or front to back
Dolichocephalic     x  - 74,9  (long-headed)
Mesocephalic     75,0 - 79,9 (medium-headed)
Brachycephalic   80,0 -  x     (short-headed)

Facial index
the ratio multiplied by 100 of the breadth of the face to its length
Leptoprosopic    90,9 - x    (long narrow face)
Mesoprosopic  85,0 - 89,9 (average width) Euryprosopic       x - 84,9   (short broad)

Palatomaxillary index
the ratio of the length of the hard palate to its breadth multiplied by 100 called also
palatomaxillary index
Leptostaphylic      x  - 79,9   (narrow palatum)
Mesostaphylic   80,0 - 84,9  (average  width)
Brachystaphylic  85,0 -  x     (broad palatum)

§ Is used in dentristy, especially in
orthodontics, to gauge the size and special
relationships of the teeth, jaws and cranium

§
§ This analysis informs treatment planning,
quantifies changes during treatment, and
provides data for clinical research
II. Cephalometry

Clin. diagnosis of orofacial anomalies
1. Anamnesis
2. Examination of orofacial:
- intraoral
- functional
- several different methods:
* photographs (en face, profil) * impressions                                             *
analysis of models                                            * X-rays (telerentgen) with
 cephalometric analysis

rtg
Telerentgen


S (Sella)
midpoint of sella turcica
N (Nasion)                                                                          most anterior
point on fronto-nasal suture
Or (Orbitale)                                                                         most inferior
anterior point on margin of orbit
Po (Porion)                                                                         upper most
point on bony external auditory meatus
ANS (Anterior Nasal Spine)
PNS (Posterior Nasal Spine)
Cephalometric point, plane, line  and angles used in dentistry

Go (Gonion)                                                            most posterior inferior
point on angle of mandible
Me (Menton)                                                         lower most point on the
mandibular symphysis
A (A point)                                                           position of deepest concavity
on anterior profile  of maxilla
B (B point)                                                        position of deepest concavity on
anterior profile  of mandibular symphysis

Frankfort Plane: Po - Or                                Equivalent to the true horizontal when
patient is standing upright
Maxillary Plane: PNS - ANS                                 Gives inclination of maxilla relative to
other lines/planes
Mandibular Plane: Go - Me                                 Gives inclination of mandible relative to
other lines/planes

Important lines:
S - N line
N - A line
N - B line
Important angles:
SNA
SNB
ANB
Indicates position of maxilla / mandible to each other and to the cranial base

ceph