f Addiction	
A state in which an organism engages in a compulsive behavior	
• behavior is reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable)	
■ loss of control in limiting intake	
■	(■Mil
prefrontal cortex
nucleus accumbens
Druas Have
Pre-Amphetamine/Control
Post-Chronic Amphetamine (10 days)
4 weeks
6 months
tort Mi tort AiA
™^ %^ c*^ %v
1 year
■years
flfc M V*
Superior
Inferior
naive control
cocaine user on abstinence
hippocampus - memory alteration cerebellum - movement disorders
Defining Ecstasy
A derivative of amphetamine
MDMA. XTC. E. essence. Adam
• short-term changes in brain biochemistry, behaviour
• long-term changes in brain structures, behaviour
Brain AreaíJjfTféícted -by Ecstasy
n e o c o     "^^^^^^^^x     ^^fe^3 °3P°
hypothalarr^r
ygdaia
r
i*cam pus
Serotonin Ne
e PäThwa
the Brain
ofn ucleus
a
\m
heíghte
A c u te«£ff 5gjfelôf Ecstasy
is
ill
Adve/s1
clouded
cstasy
/ V
hypertheVmi
^fr/"'j/%turbed
• or
^^fc^B    1    W T     *• v; n t; >
-* iaw-cLnchin
Short lerrn Effects after Ecstasy is Gone
Normal
During Ecstasy
clcvaicd mood
After Ecstasy
depression-like feelings, irritability
Long Term Effects of Ecstasy: Neurotoxic?
Brain chemistry changes -serotonin reduced
• serotonin metabolites reduced
Brain structure changes -serotonin transporters reduced
• serotonin terminals degenerate
Serotonin Present in Cerebral Cortex Neurons
Normal 2 weeks after Ecstasy     7 years after Ecstasy
Nicotine-Induced Limbic Cortical Activation
in the Human Brain
rtCtumljL'nn
Amygdala
w* Thalamus (2,15 mg nicoLmcj
Source St flu, E.A., ft al. Aino-tk^n Journal yfP^dilatiy. l5f(B)h AugutL 19 PS.