Eye pupil iris ciliary body Eyeball Anterior segment Posterior segment Eyeball Sclera Cornea Corpus ciliare Iris Procesus ciliares Pars caeca retinae Eyebulb wall Posterior segment Anterior segment Tunica externa (fibrosa) Sclera Cornea Tunica media (vasculosa) Chorioidea Iris, Corpus ciliare Tunica interna (nervosa) Pars optica retinae Pars caeca retinae Eyeball Fibrous tunic - tunica externa oculi • Cornea • Sclera conjunctiva limbus Cornea 1. Stratified squamous epithelium 2. Bowman´s membrane-anterior limiting lamina 3. Substantia propria cornae − 200 - 250 layers of regularly organized collagen fibrils − fibrocytes /keratocytes/ 4. Descemet´s membrane-posterior limiting lamina − the basement membrane of the posterior endothelium − Posterior endothelium − simple squamous epithelium Cornea Vascular tunic - tunica media oculi - Choroid - loose c.t. with network of blood vessels, numerous pigment cells - Ciliary body - loose c.t. with smooth muscle cells – musculus ciliaris /accomodation/ - ciliary processes – generate aqueous humor - Iris - central opening of the iris the pupil ch c i Choroid 1. Lamina suprachoroidea /lamina fusca sclerae/ 2. Lamina vasculosa 3. Lamina chorocapillaris 4. Lamina vitrea /Bruch´s membrane/ sclera retina choroid L. suprachoroidea - perichoroidal space with melanocytes, collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes L. vitrea – five layers, including balsal lamina of chorid endothelium and retinal pigment epithelium, collagen and elastic fibers. L. vasculosa – blood supply – parallelní veins – c. ciliare L. chorocapilaris – capillary plexus for retina Choroid Ciliary body - structure ciliary epithelium - outer cell layer is pigmented, inner cell layer is nonpigmented (pars caeca retinae) m. ciliaris ciliary processes Ciliary body Epithelium two layers – basal, pigmented (fuscin), surface w/o pigment - Continuous with optical part of retina = pars caeca retinae m. ciliaris Muscle cells oriented in three directions Meridionally, radially and circularly processus ciliares Ciliary body and acomodation Lens production of the aqueous humor Ciliary body prudction of aqueous humour Ciliary processes Iris 1. Anterior epithelium - discontinued layer 2. Anterior border layer - pigment cells 3. Stroma iridis - gelatinous c.t., pigment cells - smooth muscle cells - annular sphincter pupillae muscle 4. Posterior border layer - m. dilatator pupillae (myoepithelial cells) 5. Posterior epithelium - one layer of pigmented cells Eye color pars iridica retinae Retina ora serrata Sclera – Choroidea - Retina Retina ora serrata Pigment cells Neurons –1. rod and cones –2. bipolar neurons –3. ganglionic multipolar neurons –interneurons - Horizontal cells - Amacrine cells Neuroglia –Müller cells Retina – cell types Retinal architecture Ganglion cells Müller cells Amacrine cells Bipolar neurons Horizontal cells Rod Cone Pigment cells (chorioidea) Pigment epithelium Layer of rods and cones Membrana limitans externa Membrana limitans interna Inner plexiform layer Zevní vrstva plexiformní Inner nuclear layer Inner plexiform layer Ganglion cell layer Layer of optic nerve fibers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Retina inner limiting membrane10 layers Retina light Retina - fovea centralis maximal visual acuity only cone cells Retina - discus nervi optici optic disc - blind spot sclera Retina Refractive media − Cornea − Aqueous humor − Lens − Vitreous body Refractive media are characterized by high transparency and refractivity. Lens  Capsula lentis – Formed by subcapsular epithelium  Subcapsular epithelium – Produces capsula lentis and lens fibers  Lens fibers – Very long (up to 12 mm), hexagonal cells, form the body of the lens – Lens fibers are nucleated in the soft, outer cortex of the lens – Lens fibers located deeper loose their nuclei and become part of the harder nucleus of the lens – Crystallins Fasciculus opticus – optic nerve - surrounded by the three meninges (dura mater, arachnoidea, pia mater) - c.t. septa from pia mater, separate the fibre bundles in the optic nerve - the axons in the optic nerve are supported by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes + microglia Eyelid cutaneous part conjunctival part Meibomian glands – tarsal /sebaceae/ Zeiss glands /gl. sebaceae ciliares/ Moll glands /gl. sudoriferae ciliares – apocrine/ tarsal plate Eyelid /palpebra oculi/ tarsal plate and tarsal Meibomian glands /sebaceae/ Conjunctiva stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells lamina propria mucosae Lacrimal apparatus - lacrimal gland - compound tubuloalveolar gland producing a lysosyme-rich serous fluid - lacrimal canaliculi - superior - inferior - length: 8 mm, lined with s.s. epithelium - lacrimal sac - nasolacrimal duct - opens into the meatus inferior - lined with a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium Lacrimal gland EAR Structure of the Ear Outer ear Elastic cartilage Membrana tympani Stratum cutaneum - skin Stratum fibrosum - collagen fibers - stratum radiatum - stratum circulare Stratum mucosum - Mucosa as in the cavum tympani Middle ear - Cavum tympani - mucosa - epithelium – simple squamous, flat, cubic, with cilia - lamina propria - Tuba auditiva (Eustach tube) - pars ossea – two layers of columnar cillitaed epithelium continuous with epithelium of c. tympani - pars cartilaginea – pseudostratified columnar cillitaed epithelium - tonsila tubaria Tuba auditiva Pars cartilaginea Inner ear/cochlea/ Bone a membranous labyrinth Spatium perilymphaceum + perilymfa Pars statica + auditiva l. m. Modiolus, helicotrema Modiolus Helicotrema Inner ear Canalis spiralis cochleae (35 mm, 2,5 závitu) lamina spiralis ossea 20th U.S. edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body, originally published in 1918 Inner ear Organ of Corti Cells Supportive - Cells of Hensen - Phalangeal – outer and inner - Pillar of Corti – outer and inner - Border cells – outer and inner - Cells of Claudius - Cells of Bottcher Hair cells - Hair cells – inner and outer Tectorial (Reissner’s) membrane Space of Corti, space of Nuel Organ of Corti Corti space of Nuel outer tunnel Claudius Hensen Hair and phalangeal cells Membrana reticularis Outer hair cells - Electromechanical amplification of incoming vibrations - waves (16-16000Hz) induce oscillation of basilar membrane and shifts of the the sensory epithelium against tectorial membrane - deflection of stereocilia opens mechanically controlled ion chanells - depolarization and repolarization of cell membrane - vibration of whole cells induces oscillation of inner hair cells that excitates nerve fibers - loss of outer hairy cells affect recognition of frequencies, treshold of audibility, etc. Inner hair cells - depolarization of cell membrane releases glutamate (neurotransmitter) - induction of excitation in nerve fiber Hair cells Spiral ganglion Vestibular apparatus Membranous labyrinth Ductus semicirculares crista ampullaris acceleration Crista ampullaris Utriculus a sacculus  macula statica position Slides – eye, ear - 88. Anterior eye segment - 89. Posterior eye segment - 90. Fasciculus opticus - 91. Palpebra - 92. Glandula lacrimalis - 93. Cochlea - 94. Auricula Alfonso Corti 1822-1876 Recherches sur l'organ de l'ouïe des mammiferes 1851