Male reproductive system 2 Male reproductive system Gonads • testes Ducts • epididymis • ductus deferens • ductus ejaculatorius • male urethra Glands • prostate • vesiculae seminales • (gll. vesiculosae) • gll. bulbourethrales External genitalia • penis • scrotum Testis tunica vaginalis (epiorchium) - Serous membrane tunica albuginea testis - Dense collagen connective tissue mediastinum - Rete testis septula testis - Lobuli testis Interstitial connective tissue - Loose collagen connective tissue - Tubuli seminiferi contorti - Vessels, nerves, Leydig cells Tunica albuginea Tunica vaginalis Lobulus T. seminiferi cont. Vessels, innervation Funiculus spermaticus Epididymis (cauda) Epididymis (caput) Mediastinum + rete testis Epididymis (corpus) Ductus deferens D. eferentes Epiorchium Periorchium Fascia spermatica interna M. cremaster Fascia spermatica externa Connective tissue Skin Scrotum Testis Testis Parenchym - tubuli seminiferi contorti 5 Testis (HE) 6 tubuli seminiferi contorti: • spermatogenic epithelium: Sertoli cells semen cells • membrana propria interstitium: Leydig cells Tunica albuginea testis Tubuli seminiferi contorti mesothelium Tubuli seminiferi contorti 150-250m; 30-70cm • spermatogenic epithelium, - Two cell populations - Germ cells in spermatogenesis - Sertoli cells • tunica propria – loose network of elastic and collagen fibers and cells Sertol cells: - Tubular epithelium - Microenvironment for spermato- and spermiogenesis - Complex 3D architecture - Hematotesticular barrier - basal and adluminal compartment Function: - support - nutritive - secretion + endocrine (anti-Müllerian hormon, inhibin, androgen-binding protein) - phagocytosis Oval nucleus, nucleolus Basal part of spermatogenic epithelium Genital ridge – colonized by primordial germ cells (gonocytes, epiblast) Medullary cords (coleomic epithelium, mesonephros) Lumen, tubuli s. contorti Sertoli cells - epithelium of medullary cords SRY AMH Androgens Spermatogenesis: • spermatogenesis (spermatocytogenesis) spermatogonia (type A / B) diferentiation of primary spermatocytes • meiosis I → secondary spermatocytes, meiosis II → spermatids • spermiogenesis (spermatohistogenesis) maturation – morfological maturation of spermatids to sperms Spermiogenesis (spermatohistogenesis) 46, XY, 2n 46, XY, 2n, 2C 46, XY, 2n, 2C 46, XY, 2n, 4C 23, Y, 1n, 2C 23, X, 1n, 2CMeiosis I Spermatidy 23, Y, 1n, 1C 23, X, 1n, 1C Meiosis II Begin prenatally All life Since puberty Basal compartment Adluminal compartment Stem spermatogonia Intercelullar bridges Spermiation Residual bodies Spermatogenesis (spermatocytogeneze) 16 Spermiogenesis: spermatids to sperms 17 Spermatogenesis Spermatogonia Primary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes Spermatidy Sperm Oogenesis Oogonia Primary oocytes Secondary oocytes + polocyte (1) Oocyte + polocyte (1-2) Rato, L. et al. (2012) Metabolic regulation is important for spermatogenesis. Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.77 Valenti, D. et al. (2012) Follicle-stimulating hormone treatment in normogonadotropic infertile men. Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.234 Human spermatozoon 20 Normal values of spermiogram (normospermy) according WHO • Volume of ejaculate: 2 - 4 ml • pH: 7,2-7,8 • concentration: min. 20 mil. sperms/1ml ejaculate • motility: min. 50 % motile, - 25 % quick and progressive • morphology: min. 30 % of normal sperms • viability: min. 50 % 22 Leydig cells • Steroidogenic cells Round- oval, large, acidophilic, mitochondria with tubular crists, AER, lipid droplets • Synthesis and secretion of testosterone • Interstitial connective tissue • Reinke crystals 23 Ultrastructure of a Leydig cell Typical steroidogenic cell: - mitochondria with tubules - AER - Lipid droplets (inclusion - crystals) 25 Genital duct system Testes: • tubuli recti • rete testis Epididymis: • ductuli efferentes • ductus epididymidis Other: • ductus deferens • ductus ejaculatorius • male urethra Seminal vesicles Prostate Ductus ejaculatorius Ductus deferens Epididymis Testis Scrotum Penis Urethra CAPUT CORPUS CAUDA Epididymis maturation (~ 2 weeks) Epithelium – various morphology (cilia, microvilli) High metabolic activity (H+ pumps, secretion of proteins, prevention of capacitation) Myofibroblasts (caput, corpus) Leiomyocytes (cauda) Epididymis connective tissue: – capsula + septula (caput epididymidis), – Interstitial connective tissue surrounding ducts. ducts: ductuli efferentes - caput; irregular lumen: • lamina epithelialis – simple cubic epithelum – occasionally ciliated • membrana propria – loose collagen connective tissue ductus epididymidis - corpus et cauda epididymidis;, • lamina epithelialis – pseudostratified columnar epithelium + stereocilia • membrana propria 28 Epididymis 15-20cm 4-6 m Simple cubic epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 30 Epididymis (homo) [HE]: Ductus epididymidis Ductuli efferentes CAPUTCAUDA CORPUS et 31 Epididymis [HE]: ductuli efferentes 32 Epididymis [HE]: ductus epididymidis Funiculus spermaticus • ductus deferens • Veins of plexus pampiniformis • arteries (cremasterica, testicularis) • nerves • musculus cremaster • loose collagen connective tissue Funiculus spermaticus [HE]: ductus deferens véna arterie m. cremaster 35 Ductus deferens Mucosa: - folds - pseudostratified columnar epithelium + stereocilia - thin lamina propria - regional changes of epithelium type (funiculus, ampula, d. ejaculatorius) Muscularis externa - spirally oriented (longitudinal-circular-longitudinal) - rich innervations (noradrenergic) Adventitia 38 Ductus deferens [HE] 39 Funiculus spermaticus [HE]: Vein Nerve 40 Glands: vesicula seminalis a prostata 41 Vesicula seminalis (gl. vesiculosa) ampulla ductus deferentis Cross sections Mucosa - epithelium – simple cubic – pseudostratified columnar epithelium - lamina propria - fructose rich, semenogelin, pH 7.6 Muscularis externa. (circular + longit.) Adventitia 42 Vesicula seminalis [Azan] Prostate • 30 – 50 tubuloalveolar glands  15 – 30 ducts do pars prostatica urethrae masculinae • Connective tissue: – capsula – fibromuscular stroma • Glands – irregular lumen; epithelium – simple cubic – pseudostratified columnar • prostatic concretions - corpora amylacea • PSA 44 Prostate [Azan] prostatic concretions (corpora amylacea) fibromuscular stroma 45 - eosinophilic bodies (0.25 mm – 2 mm) - lamelar structure - calcifications Prostatic concrements - corpora amylacea 46 Prostate (Azan) 47 Prostate [HE] Ejaculate • seminal plasma: testicular fluid, secretions – vesicae seminales, prostate, gll. bulbourethrales and paraurethral glands (Littré) • cells: sperms, epithelia, migratory cells, residual bodies, prostatic concrements Capacitation of sperms • Reaction of sperms with oviductal fluid • Hyperactivation of sperms • Changes in surface coating of sperms (ion channels, membrane fluidics) • Acrosomal reaction • Skin – thin, demis – sweat and sebaceous glands • Corpora cavernosa: – Corpus cavernosum penis (pair): • tunica albuginea, • erectile bodies – venous lacunes (endothelium, leiomyocytes, elastic fibers) – Corpus spongiosum urethrae (single): pars spongiosa urethrae Penis 50 Cross section 51 5. Male reproductive system Slides: 36.Testis (HE) 37. Epididymis (HE) 38. Funiculus spermaticus (HE) 39. Glandula vesiculosa (HE) 40. Prostate (HE) 41. Penis (HE) Atlas EM: 1. Leydig cells (23) 2. Human sperm (31)