Explain these words in English:

ligament          tear                  sprain              dislocation      herniated
disc             impair

inflammation              cartilage          crutches          curvature
brace               joint


Discuss these questions with your partner:

1. What happens if skeletal system does not manage to withstand the pressures and stresses of daily
activities?

2. What human activities often jeopardize the bones? And what toll do they take on the
musculoskeletal system?

3. What are the negative effects of dislocation? (consider ligaments, nerves and bones)

4. What problems can people have with their vertebral column due to injury and what due to
hereditary factors?

5. What disorders in musculoskeletal system are caused due to wear and tear of the body?

6. What disease/disorder which impairs the function of skeletal system do you consider the most
serious and why?


Fractures


                                    1.a, 2. c, 3. d, 4. b, 5. e

2. Treatment of fractures: Word  Formation.


1. broken, 2. Union, 3. anatomical, 4. reduction/reducing, 5. excessive, 6. fixation, 7. malunion


3. 1. bleed, 2. scar, 3. bruise, 4. pain, 5. scratched, scab, 6. injuries, grazed, 7. wound, 8.
swollen, 9. blister, 10. sprained, 11. scalded, 12. sting



Disorders of the skeletal system: Describe the diseases with the help of the verbs which follow the
respective disease.

Arthritis: mean, involve, persist, be widespread, cripple

Osteoarthritis: occur, to be characterized by, to be seen in, include, wear away, rub, cause, to be
affected by, use, reduce


Osteoporosis: mean, occur, dissolve, maintain, decrease, become, break, sneeze, cause, prevent,
adhere to (keep to), avoid, smoke, drink, exercise


Scoliosis: view, appear, cause, interfere with, lead to, depend on, wear, correct, slow down,
require, progress, straighten, fuse together


Spina bifida: include, cause, open, fail, wrap completely, leave unprotected, treat, close,
prevent, operate, be dependent on







Listening transcription:


Faint = lose consciousness, pass out x pass away = die

to twitch

came around/round

seizure = fit

yawn

vomit



1) see listening transcript

2) 1. were walking, passed; 2. has not had, experienced, 3. had been admitted/was admitted, became;
4. has not suffered, has been feeling; 5. was yawning, had not done, fainted; 6. had fallen/fell,
started, tried; 7. was lying, was not shaking; 8. happened, fell; 9. bit, messed, had been feeling



See further grammar explanation and exercises in Additional past tenses