will, shall, be going to (form} affirmative I/You/We/They/She/He/It will (7/) go. shall negative I/You/We/They/She/He/It will not (won't) go. I/We shall not {shan't) questions Will Shall What will How long will I / you / we/they / she / he / it go? I / we you do? it take? short answers Yes, I / you / we / they / she / he / it No, will / shall, won't / shan't. Use will • to say what we expect to happen in the future. It will take 50 years for temperatures to return to normal. • with definitely, probably, possibly to show how certain or uncertain we are. certain definitely, certainly less certain probably uncertain possibly It will probably take 50 years for the climate to stabilize. The climate will definitely change before then. • to make a social arrangement. /'// see you tomorrow. • to make a promise, warning or threat. /'// give you my homework on Monday, (promise) Careful! You'll fall, (warning) /'// deal with you later! (threat) • to make an offer. /'// carry the projector for you. I Shall I carry it for you? • in a formal rule. Students will wear protective clothing at all times. • to make a decision in a situation. Which pullover do you want? I'll have this one, I think. Use won't • to mean 'refuse'. Jack won't give me back my ruler! See Unit 24 for other uses of will. Use shall • in formal speech or writing with / / we. • to make offers - see Unit 26. going to is formed with be + going to + verb I am ('m) You / We / They are (Ve) going to try. She/He/It is ('s) Use going to # to talk about a personal plan or intention. We're going to try and recycle more of our household rubbish. 0 to make a prediction about the future, especially when this has already started to happen. Mosf people can see that the Internet is going to be just as much a part of the future for us all as the telephone or electricity is today. Something strange is happening to the computer screen. The program is going to crash! 0 to make a decision with a result in the distant future, not 'instant', as with will. I've decided about my future. I'm going to study law at university. 1 Read these famous failed predictions. Then complete the sentence using will + the verb in brackets. a We are in September 1914: according to most newspapers in Britain and Germany, the war (be) tOK.bc over by Christmas. They cannot imagine that the war (continue) ..........................................................until 1918, and (claim)..........................................................the lives of about 9 million in the military and a further 7 million civilians. b We are in 1919: according to geologist Albert Porta, the conjunction of six planets (cause) ..........................................................the Sun to explode. In fact, the Sun (probably destroy)...................................................... the Earth one day, when it becomes a red giant in about 4.5 billion years. c We are in 1977: according to Ken Olson, head of a computer company, people (never want) ......................................................a computer in the home. Latest predictions (2005) suggest that computer ownership (reach)..........................................................1.3 billion machines worldwide by 2010. d We are in 1999: according to many scientists, computers (crash)..........................................................and (cause)..........................................................chaos on the first day of the new millennium. e And one to look forward to: according to the Aztec calendar, the world (come)............................................... to an end on 22 December 2012. We (have to)..........................................................wait and see. 2 Complete the sentence with will + a verb from the list. carry cost take place provide sell use hold a Most people know that London iO.ill hold the 2012 summer Olympic Games. b Most of the Games............................................in three areas of London: in the Olympic Park in East London; along the River Thames; and in Central London. c The Olympic Village, in the same area,...........................................accommodation for over 17,000 athletes. d A new railway link............................................spectators to the Olympic Park. e The organizers............................................8 million tickets for the Olympic Games, and a further 1.6 million for the Paralympics. f 75% of the tickets...........................................less than €70. g For some events the Games............................................well-known places in Central London such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. Match sentences a to j with their responses 1 to 10. Why can't I play with the Bunsen burner?- We're really tired. Put away these books, please. I can't write on this blackboard. Why is Maria annoying you? I don't understand this problem. Please stop throwing things, George. Shall I move this desk? I still haven't got your project! Is that the end of the lesson? 1 Sony, I won't do it again. 2 She won't stop taking my things. 3 Yes, there's the bell. I'll see you tomorrow. 4 No, you'll hurt yourself. I'll do it. I'll hand it in on Monday, I promise. -6 It's dangerous. You'll burn yourself. 7 Ok, I'll explain how to do it. 8 We'll have a short break in a few minutes. 9 Shall I put them in the cupboard? 10 I'll clean it for you. 4 Read the information about environmental problems and their solutions. Then make five statements about what you're going to do and five about what you're not going to do to solve these problems. There are a number of things we can do if we want to help save our planet. For example, if we stop wasting paper, and recycle paper and cardboard, we'll save some of the millions of trees which are cut down every year. As far as the problem of rubbish is concerned, if we recycle bottles and cans and organic waste, and stop taking plastic bags from the supermarket, this will all make a big difference.We also have to stop making unnecessary car journeys so as to cut down air pollution.Try walking or using a bike instead, and if you buy local fruit and vegetables, this reduces lorry traffic to supermarkets.Water is another problem, and we should all take showers, not baths, to save water. Finally, we need to stop using so much energy, so try changing to low-energy light bulbs, and turning off unnecessary lights. 5 Say what you think will happen in each picture. Use a verb from the list. blow down hit flood disappear snow erupt a 7k& Volcano is <]omq +0 erzip.tr;.......................................... d b ..................................................................................................................................................... e 6 Use will, shall or going to + the verb in brackets a Next year you have to choose between two lessons, either biology or a second foreign language. Make your decision. I've made up my mind, (do) .............I rvt .cp'iAqAo. do bioloqq,........................................................................... b You have to miss school to see the dentist, but you promise your teacher to be back at two o'clock. What do you say? (be)....................................................................................................................................................... c You are doing an experiment in science, and you can see that it isn't going well. (work)........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ d You are near the light switch and it's getting dark. Offer to turn the lights on. (turn) e Your teacher asks you who you want to sit with. You decide to sit with Helen, (sit) f Your teacher asks you about your career plans, and you say you are planning to study engineering, (to) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ EXTENSION ACTIVITY 1 Make ten predictions for the future about yourself, your friends, your country, the world etc. 2 What are your plans for the rest of the day, and the rest of the week? Write five sentences. V._) future time present continuous future • Use for a fixed arrangement in the future eg an event already written in a diary. I'm coming back next Thursday. We're having a party next Friday. Would you like to come? Note that there is usually a time reference. What are you doing next week? present simple • Use for an event that always happens at a certain time, or is part of a timetable. The conference begins on Tuesday at 10.00. will, going to or present continuous? When we make predictions will and going to are both possible. / think Helen is going to win. I think Helen will win. We use going to when we talk about plans. We're going to go to France next year, (a plan) We use present continuous when we talk about an arrangement that is definitely fixed. We're leaving for France on Monday, (we've bought the tickets) When we see that an event has already started to happen, we use going to. Look at that ship! It's going to hit the rocks! future continuous will + be + -ing Use future continuous • to describe an activity in progress in the future, with a time reference. This time next week I'll be starting at my new school. What will you be doing in ten years' time? future perfect will + have + past participle Use future perfect • to look back from the future to an earlier event, often with by or by the time. By the time we get home, the match will have begun. future time clauses following time words A future time clause follows a time word or phrase. after as as soon as before by the time until when In sentences referring to the future, the verb following the time word or phrase is present simple, and the main verb is a vw"//-future. By the time we reach the station, it will be too late. When we emphasize completion or achievement, we can use a present perfect simple verb instead of a present simple verb. We'll let you know when we have reached a decision. 1 Complete each sentence using a verb from the list in the present simple form. Then match each sentence a to j with a description 1 to 10 of where you might read or hear it. close retire continue rise expire start leave take off open take place a Mrs Douglas rYvnfv,S at the end of this term, and we wish her all happiness for the future. 7 b There has been a change to the schedule and your flight now............................................at 18.40. c The exhibition............................................until 31 December. Don't miss it! d The match............................................at three o'clock, so please be here by two. e The opening ceremony............................................on 27 July. f Saturday 18 March. The sun............................................at 6.08. g The licence for this software............................................one year from the agreement date. h This offer............................................on 30 September so buy now to avoid disappointment! i The 4.30 to York............................................from Platform 1. Cross the footbridge at the end of this platform, j Doors at 18.00. 1 Cinema door 2 Advertisement 3 Airport check-in desk 4 News announcement 5 Travel information desk 6 CD-Rom leaflet 7 School newsletter 8 Newspaper review 9 Notice on a sports club notice board 10 Diary 2 Complete each sentence using a verb from the list in the present continuous form. arrive meet come pick up give serve hold show leave take a We..............arc hoUfVuj..............a science fair next weekend. There will be displays of students' work, and a guest speaker, b Professor Tamsin Anderson................................................................ from Cambridge to talk to us. c She................................................................a talk on the Genome Project on Saturday morning, d In the afternoon she................................................................us a film. e Then at 5.30 we................................................................tea and cakes. f 'Have you heard from Dr Anderson?' 'Yes. She ................................................................at 6.00 on Friday evening.' g '................................................................anyone........................................................ her at the station?' h 'David and his parents................................................................her ................................................................and................................................................ her to the hotel' i 'And after the conference?' 'She ................................................................on Sunday at 12.30.' Or 17th December Come and see some great projects! Everyone gets a Come Prize! Refreshments Speaker! included! E +-> D © Underline the correct form. 'Be careful with that test tube. It will break I it breaks.' ' ■ 'The egg is cracking. The baby bird will come out / is going to come out / comes out' 'Can you hurry up please. The film will start / is going to start / starts.' cl 'Carry this very carefully.' 'Don't worry, I'm not dropping it /1 won't drop it.' e 'We're playing I We'll play football this afternoon. Do you want to play too?' f 'This dictionary costs €50, but the red one is cheaper.' 'Ok, /'// take I I'm taking / I'm going to take the red one.' g 'Have you decided about next year yet?' 'Yes, I'm studying / /'/;; going to study / I'll study journalism. Well, that's the plan anyway.' h 'Ok, bye for now.' 'Bye, I'll see you / I'm going to see you / I'm seeing you at the same time on Friday' Complete each sentence with a phrase from the list. I'll be waiting I'll be watching I'll be starting I'll be catching I'll be lying I'll be living I'll be going I'll be working a Next Tuesday at this time .....I1!! be l^m' The future of our solar system The Sun (continue).........con.J~in.ue,..........much as it is today until it b (enter)......................................................... its red giant phase in 4 to 5 billion years. Then, the core c (grow)................................................................smaller and hotter until it finally d (finish)........................................................burning the fuel in its nuclear core. When this e (occur)................................................................the core f (become)................................................................so dense that helium fusion will begin. When the helium atoms g (collide)................................................................, they h (form)................................................................ carbon (from 3 helium atoms) and oxygen (from 4 helium atoms). When this process i (begin)....................................................., the Sun j (produce).......................................................enormous amounts of energy. The Sun k (grow)....................................................... larger as this energy I (increase)................................................................It m (be)................................................................over a hundred times its present size by the time it n (stop)................................................................growing. This is why we use the term red giant. As the Sun o (expand)................................................................, it is probable that it p (absorb)................................................................ the Earth. When the Sun q (use)................................................................up all its energy, it r (become)............................................................... a small white dwarf, and s (not make)................................................................any more energy. After a few billion years, when it is completely cool, it t (be)................................................................just a cold dark object. 7 Choose the correct form, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. a We seem to be completely lost. What A now? b Just think, this time next week we..............................taking a taxi to the airport. c As soon as we hear any news, we..............................you know. d The new film of Hamlet starring Johnny Depp..............................next week. e Some scientists believe that they..............................a cure for most types of cancer by f ..............................a press conference about our new discovery on Tuesday. g Look at that helicopter! It..............................on the sports field! h In a year's time I..............................in the music industry. J Hold on to the camera...............................drop it. We..............................a new area in the Zoo where visitors will be able to get closer to the animals. A are we going to do A are going to take A are letting A will have come out A discover A We'll have held A will land A am going to work A Yon drop A open B are we doing B take B will have let B comes out b are discovering B We hold B is going to land B am working b You're going to drop B will have opened C will we do C will be taking C will let C will come out C will have discovered C We're holding C lands C will be working C You'll be dropping it C are going to open 2050. EXTENSION ACTIVITY Look at the explanation page and read the section future time clauses following time words. Write seven sentences about yourself, using the time words in the list on the explanation page. Make a diary for next week, to remind you what you are doing on each day. Then write a sentence for each day. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. o) £ a; +-* © Ex 4 aA bB cC dA eD fB gA hA iD jB Ex 5 a are you getting on b I haven't written c I've been training cl played e came f enjoyed g I haven't done h arrived i went j was raining k arrived I was crossing m splashed n changed o is expecting p told q hasn't arrived r has discovered s died t bought u was working v recognized w painted >< paid y say Unit 9 Ex 1 a will be, will continue, will claim b will cause, will probably destroy c will never want, will reach d will crash, will cause e will come, will have to Ex 2 a will hold b will take place c will provide d will carry e will sell f will cost g will use Ex 3 a6 b8 c9 dlO e2 f 7 gl h4 iS j3 Ex 4 Suggested answers: a I'm not going to waste paper, b I'm going to recycle paper and cardboard as much as I can. c I'm going to recycle bottles, cans and organic waste, d I'm not going to take plastic bags from the supermarket, e I'm not going to make unnecessary car journeys, f I'm going to walk or use a bike, g I'm going to buy local produce, h I'm going to take a shower not a bath, i I'm going to change to low-energy light bulbs, j I'm going to turn off unnecessary lights. Ex 5 a The volcano is going to erupt, b The water is going to disappear, c The river is going to flood the houses, d The ship is going to hit the iceberg, e It's going to snow (again), f The trees are going to blow down. / The wind is going to blow down the trees. Unit 10 Ex 1 a retires 7 b takes off 3 c continues 8 d starts 9 e takes place 4 f rises 10 g expires 6 h closes 2 i leaves 5 j open 1 Ex 2 a are holding b is coming c is giving d is showing e are serving f is arriving g Is, meeting h are picking, up, taking i is leaving Ex 3 a will break b is going to come out c is going to start d I won't drop it. e We're playing f I'll take g I'm going to study h I'll see you Ex 4 a I'll be lying b I'll be waiting c I'll be working d I'll be starting e I'll be going f I'll be watching g I'll be living h I'll be catching Ex 5 a will have started b will / won't have invented c will / won't have found d will / won't have discovered e will / won't have moved f will / won't have used g will / won't have become h will / won't have made Ex 6 a will continue b enters c will grow d finishes e occurs f will become g collide h will form i begins j will produce k will grow I increases m will be n stops o expands p will absorb q uses r will become s won't make t will be Ex 7 aA bC cC dB eC fC gB hC iB jC Unit 11 Ex 1 a There b there c There d there e There f They g there h there i They j They k there I There m They n This o There Ex 6 Suggested answers: a I'm going to do biology, b I'll be back at two o'clock, c It isn't going to work, d Shall I turn the lights on? e I'll sit with Helen, f I'm going to study engineering. Ex 2 a is a match on Tuesday, b are three ways you can do this, c was a lot of snow yesterday, d isn't any milk, e seems to be a strange man outside, f were a lot of people at the rock concert, g were crowds of people on the train, h is an interesting television programme on at 8.00. Ex 3 a their b They're c There d There e Their f They're g Their h They're i They're j then-Ex 4 a It's b it's c its d its e It's f it's g its h It's EX 5 a There b there c It d It e There f It g It h there i It j There Ex 6 a it b There c It d there e There f There h There i There j It k there I It m there o it p it q there r There s it t there it There Ex 7 aC b A kB IA cC m C dB n A e B o C fC gA hB iA jC Unit 12 Ex 1 a Is the Nile the longest river? b Have earthquakes occurred in this country? c Had the volcano erupted before? d Was there only one continent 200 million years ago? e Were people expecting a tsunami in 2004? f Will our climate be different in 50 years' time? g Has the capital city continued to grow? h Are the Arabian Desert and the Gobi Desert similar in size? i Has the ice at the Poles started to melt? j Were many people injured in the earthquake? Ex 2 a they don't f they don't didn't b it is c it can't g we are h it is d it does i they can e they have j they Ex 3 B5 b8 c2 dlO e4 f 6 gl h9 i3 j 7 a Where does the name volcano come from? b How I many volcanoes are there on Earth? c Where does the hot lava come from? d Why does the lava come out of the volcano? e What does dormant mean? f How long do most volcanoes remain active? g How do scientists predict that a volcano will erupt? h What do they measure the movements with? i What is a sign that volcanoes are going to erupt? j What did people °nce think caused volcanic eruptions? the Republic of Gambia is? h Do you know how many official languages Switzerland has got? i Do you know what the Finnish name for Finland is? j Do you know what the population of the Republic of San Marino is? Ex 5 a Do you know where Llanfairpwllgwyng.....is? b Do you have any idea if / whether it is the name of a real place? c Can you tell me if / whether it was an invented name? d I wonder why they decided to make up a name, e Could you tell me what the local people say? f Do you have any idea where the name Taumata.....comes from? g Do you know how you pronounce it? h Do you understand what it means? i Can you tell me which language this word is from? j Could you tell me what the longest place name in your country is? Ex 6 a What moves when an earthquake occurs? b What creates this stress? c How many earthquakes happen every day? d What does a large earthquake do? e When did a powerful earthquake hit the city of Lisbon? f How many people died? g In which distant country was the shock felt? h What do geologists now believe? Unit 13 Ex 1 a is it? b have they? e can they? f is it? c will it? d did they Ex 2 a weren't you? b isn't it? c haven't you? d don't they? e isn't she? f didn't it? Ex 3 aA bB cA dB eB fA gA hB Ex 4 a Most portable radios need batteries for power. So do most CD players, b Airships don't need a runway to land. Neither do helicopters, c Diesel engines produce exhaust fumes. So do petrol engines, d Wind power doesn't cause air pollution. Neither does wave power, e Computers use electronic microchips. So do calculators, f A wireless keyboard doesn't require a connecting cable. Neither does a wireless mouse, g Some cookers can use solar power. So can some lighting systems. ia Do you know what the capital of Argentina is? b Bo you know how long the River Nile is? c Do you ftnow where Lake Titicaca is? d Do you know what colour the flag of Mali is? e Do you know how many states there are in Australia? f Do you know how high M °unt Everest is? g Do you know what the capital of