Anatomy practice 1
RNDr. Michaela Račanská, Ph.D.
Email: racanska@mail.muni.cz
Department of Anatomy
• Blue floor: dissecting rooms
• Red floor: seminar rooms,
computer room,
ossarium (lending bones against to the index, it is
not allowed to take them away from the department, you can study in the
red floor),
room with X-rays,
museum, space for students
• Yellow floor: offices, laboratories
Course objectives
At the end of the course students should be able to:
1. Name all parts of the human skeleton including the detailed relief.
2. Describe correctly joints of the bones.
3. Describe the movements occurring at each joint.
4. Characterize the newborn skull.
5. Distinguish the male and female skull and pelvis.
6. Identify individual muscles of the human body, discuss their
attachments and innervations.
7. Define actions of individual muscles and muscular groups.
8. Define skeletal structures demonstrated by radiographs in basic
projections
Syllabus
1. Introduction into the study of anatomy. Anatomical terminology.
RTG anatomy.
2. General osteology. Skeleton of the spine and thorax.
3. Skeleton of the upper extremity.
4. Skeleton of the lower extremity.
5. Neurocranium.
6. Splanchnocranium.
7. Cavities of the skull. Skull. Craniometry. Skull of the newborn.
8. Joints of the spine, thorax and skull. Joints of the upper extremity.
9. Joints of the lower extremity. Pelvis
10. Oral examination (osteology, arthrology). (18.-21.11.)
11. Muscles of the head, neck, thorax, and back.
12.+13. only lectures
14. Muscles of the abdomen. Inguinal canal. Credits.
Posted on the poster in the red floor or on the IS
Attendance
• Precise
• Completition of the subject is assessed by the course-unit credit. A precondition
for obtaining the course-unit credit is 95% attendance at the seminars (1 nonattendance
tolerated). Apologies and substitution, in sickness – the certificate
from the doctor perhaps 1 excused absence
• Replace with another group in the same week
WHAT YOU WILL NEED?
and
SAFETY AT WORK
OR
Long hair pin together, painted nails, earings, rings and bracelets x
Bookshop: Malé Centrum (Small centrum)
University Campus (same door from corridor as the library is )
probe
Cases
Lock and the key Blade no. 23
Holder no. 4
http://elsevierelibrary.co.uk/bookshelf
http://www.med.muni.cz/anatomie/
Interesting links
bones
skull
joints
Lending of bones
monday 10. 00 – 17. 00*
tuesday
10.00 – 16.00*
wednesday 8.00 – 15.00*
thursday 8.30 – 16.00*
friday 8.30 – 14.00*
* 11.30 – 12.30 lunch break
Safety at work
• Every accident (even small injuries) that happens
during your education immediately report, write to
the accident book
• If a student becomes pregnant – please report, need
to interrupt the study
• Anatomy is the basis of the language of medicine. Students learn a new
language consisting of at least 4500 words. International.
• Many anatomical terms are derived from Latin and Greek.
• To describe the relationship of one structure to another, the anatomical
nomenclature should be used. To be understood you must express yourself
clearly, using the official terms in the correct way.
• 1. Andreas Vesálius, founder of the modern anatomy, 16. century.
• 2. Basiliensia Nomina Anatomica, B. N. A.,
1895
• 3. Ienaiensia Nomina Anatomica, I. N. A.,
1935
• 4. Parisiensia Nomina Anatomica, P. N. A.,
1955 accepted 1960, last corrections - 1985 (5640 terms)
International Anatomical terminology – FCAT 1998
Anatomical nomenclature
The first word is name of described formation,
next adjectives specificate it
and in the end there is a name of formation where the
described formation is located.
Examples:
Collum (neck) radii (of radius)
Collum (a neck) anatomicum (anatomical) humeri (of humerus)
Collum (a neck) chirurgicum (surgical) humeri (of humerus)
Tuberculum (a tubercle, a bulge) majus (big) humeri (of humerus)
Spina (a thorn) iliaca (iliac) anterior (fore) superior (upper) ossis coxae (of coxal bone)
Epicondylus medialis humeri
Epicondylus medialis femoris
Anatomical nomenclature
Anatomical position
standard erect position
Not
a military
position
Orientation on the body
PLANES – 3 anatomical planes or sections
Sagittal plane (mediann)
Midsagittal
Right and left
Transversal plane (horizontal)
Superior and inferior
Frontal plane (coronal)
Anterior and posterior
Directions on the body
Directions on the body
cranialis caudalis
superior inferior
ventralis dorsalis
anterior posterior
medialis lateralis
medianus medius (intermedius)
dexter sinister
superficilais profundus
internus externus
Directions at the limbs
proximalis
distalis
radialis
ulnaris
tibialis
fibularis
palmaris
plantaris
dorsalis
Positive and negative relief
• Sulcus – a groove
• Incisura – a notch
• Canalis – a canal
• Fossa – a pit, hollow
• Fovea – a pit, hollow
• Processus – a projection, prominence
• Spina – a thorn
• Tuberculum – a tubercle
• Tuber – a torus
• Tuberositas – a tuberosity
• Foramen – an opening, orifice, gap
• Facies – a facet, surface
• Articulus – a joint
• Os, ossis, ossa – a bone, bones
• Externus – external
Internus – internal
Superficialis – superficial
Profundus – deep
Caput – a head
Capitulum – a small head
Collum, cervix – a neck
Movements
How to describe bones
- knowledges of the general osteology, basic orientation on the body with planes are obvious
In describing bones we proceed according to the following outline::
1. Name of the bone
2. Type of the bone (long, short ….)
3. Dividing into separate parts (ends, body, surfaces, borders….)
4. Description of the positive and negative relief of the isolated parts
5. In paired bones estimate the laterality
X-ray´s anatomy
Anatomy is
essential for
understanding
radiology.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1845-1923
1895 – discovery of x-ray
1901- awarded by Nobel price in physics)
X-rays principle
• A highly penetrating beam of x-rays „transluminates“ the patient,
showing tissues of differing densities on x-ray film.
• A tissue or organ that is relatively dense absorbs (stops) more x-rays than
a less dense tissue.
• Like a negative
• Light structures - shadows
• Dark structures - brightening
NATIVE x-ray
without using of
contrast agent
X-rays with contrast
material (Contrast
examination)
Negative
Gass, air
Positive
Barium sulfate
Iodine-based molecules