Winter Semester 2014/2015 Handout 3
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1. Translate phrases with two or more nouns in the state of dependency:
A
fracture of the hip
fractures of the hip
fracture of calf bones
fractures of the calf bone
fracture of the rib
fractures of ribs
aperture of the tongue
hollow of the gland
arteries of the scapula
veins of the tongue
lamina of the sclera
fracture of the column of vertebrae
fracture of the spine of the shoulder blade
fracture of the upper and lower jaw
fracture of the radial and elbow bone
therapy of the fracture of the collar bone
therapy of fracture of vertebrae
insufficiency of the valvule of the aorta
B
ruptura venae
ruptura venārum
ruptura aortae
fossa axillae
ruptura fasciae
incisura mandibulae
incisura scapulae
fossa coxae
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fossae coxarum
apertura patellae
spina vertebrae
venae medullae
rima palpebrarum
fractura spinarum vertebrarum
therapia fracturae tibiae et fibulae
glandulae linguae
2. Connect two nouns of different declensions in order to form grammatically correct anatomical
terms:
sulcus + sclera _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ corpus + maxilla_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
corpus + lingua _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ symphysis + mandibula _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
arcus + aorta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ collum + vesica_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. Translate the prepositional phrases with one noun into Latin/English:
A
from the vein from the veins
from the gland from the glands
with the vein with the veins
with the gland with the glands
into the hip into the hips
after the fracture after the fractures
into the gland into the glands
into the calf bone into the calf bones
into the aperture into the apertures
without the vein without the veins
without the gland without the glands
for the vein for the veins
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for the gland for the glands
in the vein in the veins
in the gland in the glands
B
in vena ex vena
in venas in venis
in aortam in aorta
in aperturam in apertura
ex glandula ex glandulis
in glandulis in glandula
in fissuras in fissurā
4. Translate the prepositional phrases with several nouns into Latin/English:
A
after the fracture of the hip
after the fractures of the hip
after the fracture of the rib
after the fracture of the calf bone
after the fractures of the calf bones
because of the fracture of the calf bone
because of the fracture of the rib
without the fracture of the rib
without the fractures of the ribs
without the fracture of the calf bone
B
post fracturam costae
post fracturas coxarum
in glandulas linguae
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ante fracturam costarum
post therapiam fracturae fibulae
in rima palpebrarum
sine fractura fibulae
sine fractura costae
post rupturam fasciae
ante rupturam aortae
in fissuram aortae
post insufficientiam valvulae aortae
5. Translate the legends of the following images1
:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1
Images copied, rearranged and adjusted; source: Feneis, H & Dauber, W.: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy,
Thieme 2000.
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. Connect two nouns from clinical terminology; then match the clinical terms with the
preposition in the correct form:
therapia + allergia, anaemia, angina, colica, diphtheria, haemorrhagia
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
post
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
cura + ruptura, hernia, scarlatina, insufficientia, pneumonia, epilepsia
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
post
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
causa + diphtheria, fractura, ruptura, therapia, insufficientia
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
post
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7. Match names of diseases and disorders from the previous exercise with the following
definitions.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an acute or chronic disease marked by inflammation of the lungs
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a deficiency in the number of red blood cells
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ any of various neurological disorders characterized by sudden
attacks, with or without loss of consciousness or convulsive
seizures
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an acute contagious disease caused by a haemolytic streptococcus,
characterized by a scarlet skin eruption and high fever
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the projection of an organ or part through the lining of the cavity in
which it is normally situated
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spasmodic pains in the abdomen
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ substantial bleeding
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an overreaction of the immune system to a previously encountered,
ordinarily harmless substance, resulting in skin rash or other
abnormal conditions
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a tear in an organ or a tissue
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an failure in the functioning of an organ, tissue, etc.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of
intense suffocative pain
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an acute contagious infection marked by the formation of a false
membrane in the throat and other air passages causing difficulty in
breathing
9. On the image of the stainless steel gallipot
and bottle explain meaning of prepositions;
form phrases:
a, ab a, ab
ad ad
in in
in in
sub sub
sub sub
e, ex e, ex
cum cum
sine sine
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prope prope
infra infra
7. Translate:
paste in the box gallipot with the wax bottle of water
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PART II : GRAMMATICAL NOTES
Greek I. DECLENSION
In the first Greek declension we decline nouns that have2
:
Genitive sg. ending -ES
Nominative sg. ending -E
Gender F
NOTE! These words do not present a group of the specific meaning, they can be used both in
anatomy (e.g. diploe, es, f. diploe, layer of spongy bone) or in clinical terminology (e.g.
dyspnoe, es, f. dyspnoea), but they are not too frequent in medical terminology.
In the first Greek declension we decline nouns that have3
:
Genitive sg. ending -AE
Nominative sg. ending -ES
Gender M
NOTE! These words are names of diseases (diabetes, ae, m. diabetes), but they are not too
frequent in medical terminology.
CAUTION! In plural there is no difference in endings between words of LATIN and
GREEK origin. Be aware of the masculine gender of words falling within the paradigm
DIABETES.
INTRODUCTION TO SYNTAX II
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are “describing” words; their main syntactic role is to qualify a single noun or noun
phrase made of several nouns and give the information about the object. In Latin, adjectives alter
their form to reflect the gender, case and number of the noun they describe. This is called
agreement. The gender of the noun is always given with the noun in the vocabulary and it must
be memorised when a new word is learned. Case and number of the adjective will be identical
with the case and the number of the noun.
Gender is a grammatical category. The division into genders correlates to some degree with the
biological sex (male / female / child : masculine / feminine / neuter). However, in Latin it
usually depends on the ending of the word. In Latin there are words of masculine (m., M.),
feminine (f., F) or neuter (n., N) gender.
2
For the whole paradigm check the book p. 6; the chart with Latin and Greek declensions paradigm SYSTOLE.
3
For the whole paradigm check the book p. 6; the chart with Latin and Greek declensions paradigm DIABETES.
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OVERVIEW OF DECLENSIONS BASED ON ENDINGS AND GENDER
Declension 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Genitive
ending
-ae (-es)4
-i -(?)-is -us -ei
Nominative
ending
-a (-e/-es)
-us,-er (-os)/
-um (-on)
various -us/-u -es
Gender F(M) M+N (F) M+F+N M+N(F) F(M)
CONSEQUENCES OF GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT
As nouns are of three genders in Latin, adjectives have also three different forms to comply with
the gender of the noun. A feminine noun can never be connected with the adjective of masculine
or neuter gender; a masculine noun can never be connected with the adjective of feminine or
neuter gender etc.
Adjectives of 1st
and 2nd
declension are declined as noun of the 1st
and 2nd
declension and can
have the following endings:
masculines feminines neuters
-us/-er -a -um
e.g. magnus, magna, magnum dexter, dextra, dextrum
M F N M F N
parvus, parva, parvum sinister, sinistra, sinistrum
in vocabulary: magnus, a, um big dexter, a, um right
parvus, a, um small sinister, a, um left
agreement:
coxa (F) magna cervix (F) magna oculus (M) magnus sulcus (M) magnus
parva parva parvus parvus
dextra dextra dexter dexter
sinistra sinistra sinister sinister
crus (N) magnum arcus (M) magnus bucca (F) magna metatarsus (M) magnus
parvum parvus parva parvus
dextrum dexter dextra dexter
sinistrum sinister sinistra sinister
4
Endings in brackets belong to Latinised words of the Greek origin.
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fibula (F) magna hallux (M) magnus os (N) magnum antebrachium (N) magnum
parva parvus parvum parvum
dextra dexter dextrum dextrum
sinistra sinister sinistrum sinistrum
facies (F) magna femur (N) magnum auris (F) magna genu (N) magnum
parva parvum parva parvum
dextra dextrum dextra dextrum
sinistra sinistrum sinistra sinistrum
INFLECTION of
THE NOUN IN APPOSITION THE NOUN WITH THE ADJECTIVE
sg.
1. fractura vertebrae/vertebrarum 1. fractura complicata
2. fracturae vertebrae/vertebrarum 2. fracturae complicatae
4. (post) fracturam vertebrae/vertebrarum 3. (post) fracturam complicatam
6. (cum) fracturā vertebrae/vertebrarum 4. (cum) fracturā complicatā
pl.
1. fracturae vertebrae/vertebrarum 1. fracturae complicatae
2. fracturarum vertebrae/vertebrarum 2. fracturarum complicatarum
4. (post) fracturas vertebrae/vertebrarum 4. (post) fracturas complicatas
6. (cum) fracturis vertebrae/vertebrarum 6. (cum) fracturis complicatis
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PART III : VOCABULARY
acne, es, f. acne
acquisitus, a, um acquired
acutus, a, um acute
albus, a, um white
apertus, a, um open
auditivus, a, um auditory
bursa, ae, f. pouch, bursa
cavus, a, um hollow
cellula, ae, f. cell
chirurgicus, a, um surgical
chronicus, a, um chronic
clausus, a, um closed
coccygeus, a, um coccygeal
complicatus, a, um complicated
congenitus, a, um congenital, hereditary
coronarius, a, um coronary
dexter, a, um right (side)
diabetes, ae, m. diabetes
diastole, es, f. diastole
diarrhoe, es, f. diarrhoea, dysentery
epidemicus, a, um epidemic
externus, a, um external
felleus, a, um of bile, bilious
fuscus, a, um dark brown
gastricus, a, um gastric
iliacus, a, um iliac
internus, a, um internal
latus, a, um wide
liber, libera, liberumfree
linea, ae, f. line
magnus, a, um big, large
medianus, a, um median
medius, a, um middle
mellitus, a, um of honey (about
diabetes)
mucosus, a, um mucous
niger, a, um black
obliquus, a, um oblique, inclined
oblongatus, a, um prolonged
palatinus, a, um palatal
parvus, a, um small
periculosus, a, um dangerous
plica, ae, f. fold
postoperativus, a, um postoperative
primus, a, um first
proprius, a, um proper
profundus, a, um profound, deep
quartus, a, um fourth
quintus, a, um fifth
rhaphe, es, f. suture
secundus, a, um second
secundarius, a, um secondary
septimus, a, um seventh
serosus, a, um serosal, serous
sextus, a, um sixth
sinister, a, um left (side)
spurius, a, um false
subcutaneus, a, um subcutaneous, under
the skin
sutura, ae, f. 1. suture 2. stitch
systole, es, f. systole
tertius, a, um third
thoracicus, a, um thoracic
thyroideus, a, um thyroid
transversus, a, um transversal
tuba, ae, f. tube
tuberculosus, a, um tuberculous
tunica, ae, f. membrane
uterinus, a, um uterine
urinarius, a, um urinary
verus, a, um true
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COLLOCATIONS:
diabetes mellitus diabetes
medulla oblongata medulla oblongata (prolongation of the spinal cord)
tuba auditiva auditory tube, Eustachian tube
tuba uterina oviduct, uterine tube, Fallopian tube
vesica fellea gall bladder