5 future time will and won't Use will and won't • for factual predictions. Inflation will increase by 7% over the next twelve months. Inflation will almost certainly increase by 1% over the next twelve months. Other qualifying adverbials include definitely, probably, no doubt • for habits of which the speaker disapproves. He will keep opening the window. Jack is so lazy. He'll spend the whole day lying in bed reading the papers. • for an assumption taken from the facts. 'The phone's ringing.' That'll be Sue. I'm expecting her to phone.' • for an immediate decision. 'Anything to drink, sir?' I'll just have a glass of water, please.' • Will is used to express many other meanings connected with the future (see Unit 15). Offer /'// carry that for you. Refusal They won't give me my ball back! In speech, contractions are frequently used, so I'll, you'll, he'll etc are the usual spoken forms. shall and shan't • Shall and shan't are forms of will used in first person singular and plural in formal and deliberate speech, and in many modal uses (see Unit 16). We shall inform you, upon admission, of the rules of the Library. 'I'll give you my work on Friday.' I shall look forward to receiving it!' be going to Use be going to • for personal plans and intentions. I'm going to stay in this evening and watch an old film. What are you going to do now? I don't know! m when the cause of a possible event is present. Look at the colour of the sky! It's going to snow. • for decisions about the future. I've decided what I'm going to do. I'm going to phone the police. will or going to? @ In many cases, will as prediction can be replaced by going to, especially in everyday speech. This is not true for other meanings of will. Inflation will increase by 7% over the next twelve months. As I see it, inflation is going to increase by 1% over the next twelve months. • Normally going to cannot be replaced by will without changing the meaning. • Was going to describes events which were supposed to happen, but did not. / was going to come over and see you, but I left it too late. be to, be about to, be on the point of, be due to • ße to is used to describe arrangements with future reference. The conference is to take place in July. • The past arrangement form is was I were to have done. There was to have been a second match but it was cancelled. • Be (just) about to describes what is going to happen very soon. / can't talk now. I'm just about to go out. • The past form describes an event in the past which was going to happen soon. / was about to go to bed when the phone rang. • Be on the point of has a more formal meaning than about to. David is on the point of leaving the company. • Be due to do, be due describe what is expected to happen. The train is due to arrive at any moment. The train is due. present simple and continuous 0 Present continuous can be used for a fixed arrangement (one already definitely made). We're having a party on Saturday. Do you want to come? Using going to in this example gives the same information. We're going to have a party on Saturday. Do you want to come? • Present simple can be used for a fixed future event. There is no personal choice here. Next year Christmas is on a Tuesday. future time clauses • After time expressions as soon as, after, before, by the time, immediately, the moment, until, when etc we use present simple although there is a future reference. As soon as we make a decision, we'll let you know. • Present perfect is also used instead of present simple to show completion. As soon as I've finished this letter, I'll help you. • Going to is also possible instead of will to show a future plan. As soon as I've saved up enough money, I'm going to buy a car. future continuous Use future continuous for • an event or a state at a future point. This time next week, they'll be lying on the beach in the Seychelles! • events that have already been arranged for a future date. The Rolling Stones will be performing in Moscow in June. • very formal requests. Will you be wanting anything else, sir? future perfect simple and continuous • Use for time looked back on from a future point. By the time the exam begins, I'll have forgotten everything! By the end of the month, I'll have been working at this company for ten years! These examples look into the future to 'when the exam begins' and 'the end of the month', and then back from there. At that future point, the speaker can say 'I have forgotten' or 'I have been working'. • Use to express an assumption. You'll have heard the news about Anna, I suppose? hope, expect, think, believe, doubt whether These verbs introduce and show our attitude to future actions. © With think, expect, believe we show negative meaning by using don't think I expect I believe. I don't think you'll like this. I don't believe I'll be late. Hope can be followed by will or a present tense. The other verbs are followed by will. I hope you have I will have a good time. I expect you'll want some tea. I doubt whether they'll be here before six. Underline the best verb form. a 'Have you decided yet?' 'Yes, I'll have /1 have the roast beef, please.' b Q: How will I have known / will I know that I have won a prize? A: You are receiving / will receive an email giving full details, c Quick get out of the car! It's going to burst / It's bursting into flames at any minute! d Don't come round before midday, because I'll be cleaning/1 clean the house until then, e Sorry I can't come on Thursday evening. I'm going to work / I'm working late on an important project. f The cost of construction /s almost certainly rising/ will almost certainly rise before the end of the year as wage increases begin to take effect, ij The conference is going to begin / begins next Friday morning at 9.00. 11 Here's the money you asked for - €1000. What will you / are you going to do with it? i Why don't you give Helen this cheap perfume instead of the expensive one! She won't have known / won't know the difference! j I just want to remind everyone that we'll be holding/we hold a Latin-American evening at the town hall this Friday. Choose all possible forms, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. 'The fish is very fresh. And the beef is very good too.' 'I think A, J3 the fish.' 'There's someone knocking at the door! Who can it be at this time of night?' '....................Helen. She said she might come round to watch the midnight movie on TV.' 'I've just received some new sales figures..................them very much, I'm afraid.' Over the next six months, the company....................ten new supermarkets in France. ....................with this kind of problem before, I expect, so I'll leave you to get on with it. f According to sources close to the prime minister's office, the foreign minister.................... g Well, that's all for today.....................you next week at the same time, if that's all right. h Next year some time travelling, and then look for a teaching job. i The problem we have with Jack is that he....................insist on opening all the windows in the cold weather. j There's not much bread, I'm afraid. I hope....................eat it all before the others arrive! k At this rate, by the time we get to the party, most people..................... I The riot police are running into the square. There trouble! I've just received some new sales figures... a A I'm going to have B I'll have C I'm about to have b A That's going to be B That'll be C It's due to be c A You're not going to like B You won't like C You're not liking d A is going to open B will be opening C is opening e A You are going to deal B You are dealing C You'll have dealt f A is on the point of resigning B is due to resign C is about to resign g A I'm going to see B I'm seeing C I'll see h A I'm spending B I'm going to spend C I'll spend i A is going to B is about to C will i A you won't B you aren't about to C you're not going to k A will leave B will have left C are on the point of leaving 1 A is going to be B will be C is due to be 3 Complete the sentence with the present simple or w/7/-future form of the verb in brackets. a We will usually respond to enquiries immediately we (receive) ''f-cc-ivc them. b When we (reach).....................................................an agreement, we'll ask our legal department to draft a contract. c Work on the second stage of the project (begin)........................................................ as soon as the first stage (prove)..................................................................successful. d Until the economic situation (improve)................................................................., the company (not risk) ..................................................................any further investment in this field. e A detailed break-down of the figures (appear)................................................................on our web site as soon as both companies (sign)..................................................................the agreement. f Our office (contact)..................................................................you the moment we (have).................................................................. any news. g Our human resources team (then assess)..................................................................your application before we (decide)..................................................................whether you can go forward to the next stage. h By the time the banks (reach)..................................................................an agreement on this issue, the amount of debt (be)..................................................................out of control. 4 Write a new sentence with the same meaning containing the word in capitals. a The 12th English Teaching Conference takes place on 5-12 June. TO TV. Brt<^!/sh J^ckm<^ Conference (S -f-o jrj^e o\ace,oA 6-12. cWt. b The president is expected to arrive here at 9.30. DUE c Everyone was on the point of leaving when the fire alarm went off. ABOUT d He's got the bad habit of playing very loud music late at night. WILL e The car has broken down, we're miles from anywhere, and we haven't got a phone. So, what's our plan? f Good news! Jane is expecting a baby! T g I intended to phone you last night, but it slipped my mind. h I'm driving to Leeds anyway on Tuesday, so why don't I give you a lift? i 'There's a letter for you.' 'I'm sure that's my new credit card.' ....................................................................,........................................................................................................................................... j I expect the police have caught the thief by now. TO HAVE GOING I'LL WILL WILL cu E '+-> ■M r 5 Complete the text with will be, will have or will have been + the correct form of the verb in brackets. What are your hopes for the future? It's hard to make predictions too far into the future, but I think I can say quite a lot about my life in about ten years' time. I think I a (still live) SI S-WII be l/v/Vwj..................in the same city. By that time I b (finish)..............................................................................my studies, and, who knows, perhaps I c (find)...............................................................................a good job. And I d (probably go out).............................................................................with the same friends too! I'm optimistic about the future, so I think that by the time I'm 35, say, e (make)...............................................................................my fortune. By then I f (run)...............................................................................my own company for about ten years, and I g (almost certainly become).......................................................................... a millionaire! So I h (drive)............................................................................. an expensive sports car, I hope! I think we should all be worried about what the world i (be)...............................................................................like in fifty years' time. By then, I hope that the world's governments j (find) ...............................................................................an answer to the problem of global warming, but perhaps scientists k (still search) ...............................................................................for technological solutions. It's quite possible that we I (still talk) ....................................................................... about the problem, as we are now! By the time I'm fifty, I expect that nearly everything m (change) ...............................................................................and everyone n (try).................................................. their best to adapt to new circumstances. For example, I can't imagine that we o (use)...............................................................................cars, because by then most of the oil in the world p (run out)................................................................................ People q (travel) ............................................................................in electric cars, or perhaps we r (walk).................. everywhere. I hope that scientists s (solve) ............... ............ the pollution problem, but who knows! Perhaps some other worse problem t(come) along by then! -J 6 Choose the correct form, A, B or C, to complete the sentence. r-i 'Can I talk to you for a moment?' ' Sorry, ..3...............' b Actually, Sue's house tomorrow, so if you like I could leave the books for her. i David and Susan in May, but they've had to change their plans. d We......................a party for Professor Allan on Friday evening, and we'd like you to come. e I've done a lot of revision, but I'm sure that when I sit down to do the exam f Chris doesn't do much work. the whole day drinking coffee and looking out of the window. g Come back about 4.30.......................the report by then, and you can take a copy. h I......................, but I'll let you know if I get delayed. i 'What time is the plane supposed to get here?' 'It...................... any minute now.' j Quick, run! The bomb......................! a A I'm just going to leave. B I'm just leaving. C I'll just leave. b A /'// pass B I'm going to pass C I'll be passing c A will be getting married B were going to get married C expect they will get married d A are giving B are about to give C will give e A I'm forgetting everything B I'll forget everything C I'll be forgetting everything f A He's going to spend B He'll spend C He will have spent g A I've finished B I'll have finished C I'm finishing h A am not due to be late B am not going to be late C don't think I'll be late i A will come B was going to arrive C Is due j A is exploding B will explode C is going to explode EXTENSION ACTIVITY A Make some personal predictions about ten years' time (or choose another length of time). what you will / won't be doing where you will / won't be what you will / won't have done by then B 'According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will probably increase by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2 billion in 2050.' Use research in a library or on the Internet to find more predictions about the next fifty years. V____J CD £ CD © Ex 3 Ex 2 a have been here for b the first time I've seen c has gone d have been working here / have worked here e hasn't arrived f haven't met g has eaten h have been waiting in this queue / have been queuing i haven't been here for j have been married for Ex 4 a has been rising b have given c has been expanding d has been e has been increasing f have had g raised h introduced i ended j have also encouraged Unit 5 Ex 1 a I'll have b will I know, will receive c It's going to burst d I'll be cleaning e I'm working f will almost certainly rise g begins h are you going to i won't know j we'll be holding Ex 2 a A, B bB c A, B d A, B, C eC f A, C gC h B, C i C j A, B, C kB I A Ex 3 a receive b reach c will begin, proves d improves, will not risk e will appear, sign f will contact, have g will then assess, decide h reach, will be Ex 4 a The 12th English Teaching Conference is to take place on 5-12 June, b The president is due to arrive here at 9.30. c Everyone was about to leave when the fire alarm went off. d He will play very loud music late at night! e So, what are we going to do? f Jane is going to have a baby. g I was going to phone you last night, but it slipped my mind, h I'll be driving to Leeds anyway on Tuesday, so why don't I give you a lift? / I'll give you a lift, i That'll be my new credit card, j The police will have caught the thief by now. Ex 5 a will still be living b will have finished c will have found d will probably be going out e I'll have made f will have been running g will almost certainly have become h I'll be driving i will be j will have found k will still be searching I will still be talking m will have changed n will be trying o will be using p will have run out q will be travelling r will be walking s will have solved t will have come Ex 6 aB bC cB dA eB fB gB hC iC jC Unit 6 Ex 1 a did you do b will have started c are you staying d has not won e will be f haven't been waiting g had sent h will be i feels j was going to be k are always criticizing me I have been meaning a is happening b appears c: do not all agree d argue e are warming f believe g has taken place h will be i say j said k concluded I is in have caused n will probably be o are telling Ex 3 a 10 b7 c8 d 15 e9 f6 g 11 h3 i 14 j4 k 12 12 m 5 n 13 o 1 Ex 4 a got b had stolen c lives d told e had gone f noticed g were disassembling h assumed i had asked j drove off k are investigating I have issued Ex 5 a is going b are c belong d will produce e will be f has declined g will represent h introduced i were j are k will be I has been m affects n has increased 0 will continue p will live / will be living Ex 6 a We are having a party on Friday b I haven't been to Siberia before. c What exactly do you do? d Karen used to have short hair. e I'm just leaving, so I can't talk now. f I haven't been to the theatre for a long time. g When did the Romans invade Britain? h I don't think it will rain tomorrow. 1 Does this suitcase belong to you? j When I have saved enough money, I'm going to buy a new computer. Ex 7 a searched for b did not do c waited d went e crawled f interviewed g works h went i learned j has been k work I carry m falls n pick it up 0 I have ever seen p gets hold q throws r has chased s saw t were repairing u was coming v stripped off w dived x seized y sold Unit 7 Ex 1 a The rubbish is being collected on Tuesday this week. b Both of the suspects have already been arrested. c It has been decided that your contract will not be renewed. d My bike was stolen last week. e The fish was perfectly cooked. f A decision will be reached next week. g The building was completed at the end of last month. h All our products are delivered to your door. 1 Pauline has been asked to take over the job until the end of June. j While the film was being made, the money ran out. Ex 2 a are produced b are named c were first developed d is now made e takes f comes g is based h became i was first produced j is soaked k lost I is prized Ex 3 a has been closed b is estimated t are expected d is housed e has been forced f is carried out / is being carried out g was being constructed h was being built i have been told j has been done / is being done k have been accommodated I have not been affected / are not affected mwas only completed