Key - digestive system A) Make sure that you can describe the picture below: B) Answer the following questions: 1. What happens with food in the mouth? 2. What happens when the bolus reaches the stomach? 3. What is a gastric ulcer and what are its causes? 4. What is bile and what role does it play during digestion? 5. In what part of digestive system do we find villi and what are they for? 6. What vitamins are fat-soluble? 1. The second halves of the words in the following text were omitted, complete them. Food processing begins with ingestion. The teeth aid in mechanical digestion by masticating food. It permits easier deglutition. During mastication, salivary glands secrete saliva to soften the food into a bolus. Saliva contains amylase enzyme, which digests starches, and mucus. In deglutition the tongue pushes the bolus toward the pharynx and into the esophagus a muscular tube. To prevent food or liquid from entering the windpipe, the epiglottis closes over the opening of the larynx during swallowing. In the stomach, food undergoes chemical and mechanical digestion. Peristaltic contractions churn the bolus, which mixes with strong digestive juices. The stomach walls contain three layers of smooth muscle arranged in longitudinal, circular and oblique rows. Powerful hydrochloric acid in the stomach helps break down the bolus into a liquid called chime. When mucus is limited in the stomach, an ulcer may form. The small intestine consists of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Bile from the gallbladder begins the final part of digestion. The undigested material enters the colon, which has six parts: the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The vermiform appendix contains lymphoid tissue and intercepts pathogenic microorganisms. The final stage of the digestive process is defecation. 2. Order these steps in the process of digestion by numbering them 1-7. Change the sentences so that the word in bold is a subject of the sentence. a. Enzymes are produced by salivary glands in the mouth. __1_ b. Food in the stomach is attacked by digestive juices which include powerful acid. _3__ c. When the food is in the small intestine, undigested fat is dissolved by juices from the pancreas and bile from the gall bladder.__5__ d. Food, in a liquid paste form, enters the colon where it removes water. __6__ e. Faeces are expelled by bowel movements. __7___ f. Muscle action is started by the first swallow and food is pushed through oesophagus.__2_ g. The food, now in a semi-solid state, slowly empties into the small intestine._4___ 3. Rewrite the sentences starting with the word given so that you do not change the meaning of the original sentence: 1) We do not allow flowers in our hospital. Flowers are not allowed in our hospital. d) a regular activity 2) They explained the procedure to the patient in detail. The procedure was explained to the patient in detail. b) a past finished action 3) Medical professionals are not doing enough to stop the spread of hospital acquired infections. Not enough is being done (by the medical professionals) to stop… e) an action that is in progress at the moment 4) We have not treated enough people with this new drug to understand its effects. Not enough people have been treated with this new drug… a) an action in the past that has continued up to the present 5) We will clean soap dispensers every day from now on. Soap dispensers will be cleaned every … c) future action 6) We have been developing a new drug for the past three weeks. A new drug has been developed for…/ A new drug is being developed for… 4. Reading 3. 1B, 2A, 3C, 4D, 4. 1 normal, 2 constipation, 3 diarrhoea, 4 bowel cancer, 5. disease of pancreas or small intestine, 6. fat not being digested Look up these words in the article “What faeces reveal” and match them with their meaning. flush a) to make a baby stop taking its mother's milk and start to eat solid food wean b) to get something, to obtain something acquire c) typical, characteristic nasty d) to be covered with something with a layer of a substance coated e) too much gas in your intestines assess f) to make water pass through a toilet bowel g) intestines float h) rest or move slowly on the surface of a liquid and not sink flatulence i) very unpleasant to taste, smell, see, or feel distinctive j) to consider or evaluate a situation or problem Key: flush f, wean a, acquire b, nasty i, coated d, assess j, bowel g, float h, flatulence e, distinctive c 6. Match the words to their definitions flush a) to make a baby stop taking its mother's milk and start to eat solid food wean b) to get something, to obtain something acquire c) typical, characteristic nasty d) to be covered with something with a layer of a substance coated e) too much gas in your intestines assess f) to make water pass through a toilet bowel g) intestines float h) rest or move slowly on the surface of a liquid and not sink flatulence i) very unpleasant to taste, smell, see, or feel distinctive j) to consider or evaluate a situation or problem Word formation Common suffixes to make nouns -er/-or: -er and –ee: -(t)ion/-sion: -ition/-ation: -ist (person), -ism (activity): -ness: -ment: -ity: -ance/-ence: -y: Make nouns from the words below. add, recover, appear, exist, happy, scarce, sad, reduce, improve, employ, admit write, pollute, paint, operate, act, physics, Marx, impair, form, discover, produce, intent Some unusual word formation: free choose grow know laugh lose marry please sell speak think friend Suggested answers -er/-or: writer, painter, operator, actor -er and –ee: employer, employee -(t)ion/-sion: reduction, pollution, admission, intention -ition/-ation: addition, formation -ist (person), -ism (activity): physicist, Marxist, Marxism -ness: sadness, happiness, -ment: improvement, impairment -ity: scarcity, productivity -ance/-ence: appearance, existence -y: recovery, discovery freedom, choice, growth, knowledge, laughter, loss, marriage, pleasure, sale, speech, thought, friendship 7. Form nouns from the following verbs: absorption, appearance, behaviour, consumption, contraction, conversion, death, detoxify - detoxification, discovery, excretion/excrement, elimination, expansion, improvement, ingestion, constipation, qualification, recovery, distinction, secretion, stimulation, treatment 7/2 1stimulate, 2 elimination, 3 ingested, 4 secretion, 5 converts, 6 absorption, 7 contractions, 8 consumption, 9 expand, 10 detoxify Discussion Complete the phrases with the words given. Expressing opinion tend my in far way would fairly say as to seems I think that/ I would ______ that … It ______ to me that … I’d like to point out… I’m inclined _____ think that The ______ I see it is that … I’m convinced that … _______ I see it … As ____ as I am concerned… I ______ to favour the view that I’m ______ certain that … _______ my opinion/experience… If you ask me, I _____ say that … To ______ mind … Clarifying your ideas trying make was talking said wanted, let What I’m _____ about is … What I ______ was … What I (really) meant _______ … (No) I didn’t mean that, what I _____to say was … What I was _______ to say was … Sorry, _______ me explain it again. Sorry, I obviously didn’t ______ myself clear, what I wanted to say was … Agreeing neither so with about point more suppose be I totally/fully/partly agree I’d go along _______ that. I couldn’t agree _______. No doubt ________ it. Exactly. You have a very good _____ here. I think _____ too. Yes, definitely. You’re quite right. I _____ so. I guess so. So do I. _______ do I. I think you’re right. You may/could _____ right but ….. Disagreeing say think sure case serious so mean up I don’t think ____. But don’t you ______ that…? I see what you _______, but… That’s not always the ________. I suppose so, but… I’m not so ______ about that. I wouldn’t ______ that. I agree ______ to a point, but… You can’t be _______! Rubbish!/Nonsense! Expressing opinion I think that/ I would say that … Why don’t we…? It seems to me that … I’d like to point out… I’m inclined to think that The way I see it is that … I’m convinced that … As I see it … As far as I am concerned… I tend to favour the view that I’m fairly certain that … In my opinion/experience… If you ask me, I would say that … To my mind … Clarifying your ideas What I’m talking about is … In other words … What I said was … What I (really) meant was … (No) I didn’t mean that, what I wanted to say was … What I was trying to say was … Sorry, let me explain it again. Sorry, I obviously didn’t make myself clear, what I wanted to say was … Agreeing I totally/fully/partly agree I’d go along with that. I couldn’t agree more. No doubt about it. Exactly. You have a very good point here. I think so too. Yes, definitely. You’re quite right. I suppose so. I guess so. So do I. Neither do I. I think you’re right. You may/could be right but ….. Disagreeing I don’t think so. But don’t you think that…? I see what you mean, but… That’s not always the case. I suppose so, but… I’m not so sure about that. I wouldn’t say that. I agree up to a point, but… You can’t be serious! Rubbish!/Nonsense! Case h Read the case history and answer the questions. 1. What signs and symptoms made Mrs Jobarti realize that she had a problem? 2. What treatment did the healer give her? 3. What did the doctor recommend? 4. What happened to Mrs Jobarti’s stool samples? 1. abdominal pain, blood in her stools, 2. she got herbal preparations and underwent a healing ceremony, 3. change in diet and using laxatives, 4. they got lost Match the words with their meaning 1. personal matters a) a person who is believed to be able to cure people using special powers 2. embarrassed b) a recommendation of your doctor to see a specialist 3. bowel habits c) ashamed, worried about what other people will think of you 4. healer d) to make troubles unnecessarily 5. encourage e) something that interests you because it is important for you 6. courage f) the ability to do something even if it is dangerous 7. interpreter g) a medicine that helps you to make faeces leave your body 8. laxatives h) it refers to the frequency of eliminating faeces and its consistency 9. referral i) a person who translates what a speaker is saying 10. make a fuss j) to make someone believe that what he does is good, to give confidence 1e, 2c, 3h, 4a, 5 j, 6f, 7i, 8g, 9b, 10d Who is to blame for her death? Discuss using the phrases above