1. Relative Clauses
A. Transform these sentences using a relative pronoun.
A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital. The girl_______
The patient is no longer here. The consultant wanted to see her. The patient_________
Where is the syringe? It was in this box. Where ____________
Have you bought the ointment? You wanted it. Have ________
I know a couple of people. They suffer from asthma. I know __________
The obstetrician is talking to a woman – do you know her? Do you know ________
Here are the books. I was looking for them. Here ________
I did not get a job. The job was advertised in Newsweek. I did not _____________
B. Grammar rules: which, that, subject, more, object, formal, who, whose, whom
We use _________ for people. x We use _________ for things.
We use _________ to refer to a fact that something belongs to someone or something.
You must use who/that/which when it is the _________ of the relative clause.
You can leave out who/that/which when it is the _________ of the relative clause.
The use of who/which is more _________ than that.
If the relative pronoun is an object (or is used with a preposition), we use _________ in a
formal situation.
C. Complete what or that.
a) ______ happened was my fault. b) Everything ______ happened was my fault. c) The
device ______ broke down is working again. d) Did you hear _____ they said? e) I gave her
all the money ______ I had. f) _______ = the thing(s) that
D. Complete the following sentences, use more options where possible.
a) Lungs are the organs __________ help us breathe.
b) The amount of oxygen __________ people inhale can be measured.
c) Louis Pasteur was a French microbiologist __________ discovered the principles of
vaccination.
d) The donor __________ kidney was removed has recovered quickly.
e) The diseases __________ described in the lecture are very contagious.
f) He is one of the scientists __________ I admire the most.
g) This is his third book, the publication __________ made such an impression.
h) A hospital is a place __________ sick people are treated.
i) 1667 was _______________ the first successful blood transfusion was carried out.
j) I can’t think of __________ I should help you.
k) This is __________ we do appendectomy.
l) Tell the people __________ waiting outside to come in.
m) The people _______ I work with are terminally ill.
2. Talk to your partner:
What is snoring and what does it cause? Do you snore?
Do you have any experiences (bad/funny) with snoring?
3. Watch the video on “Where does snoring come from”, answer the following questions.
What method is used in the video for determining the cause of snoring? How is it done?
What parts of the body can cause snoring?
What treatment for snoring is suggested in the video?
4. Check up at the doctor’s
A. Read the text about a cough and complete the words:
phlegm crackles productive dry cough up stained loose
wheezes noticed auscultation gave up breath back smoke heavily
Cough is a common symptom of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and lung disease.
A cough may be ____________ where the patient coughs up sputum, or ____________
where there is no sputum. A productive cough is often described as ____________ and a nonproductive
cough as _____________. Sputum (or _____________) may be clear or white
(mucoid), yellow due to the presence of pus (purulent), or blood- __________ (as in
haemoptysis).
A doctor is examining a patient who is complaining of a cough.
Doctor: How long have you had the cough?
Mr Hamilton: Oh, for years.
Doctor: Do you smoke?
Mr H.: I used to _______________, but I
__________ a year ago.
D: Do you __________ any phlegm?
H: Yes.
D: What colour is it?
H: Usually yellow.
D: Have you ever ___________ any blood in it?
H: No, I haven’t.
D: Any problems with your breathing?
H: Yes, I get very short of breath. I have to stop halfway up the stairs to get my ________.
__________ (listening to the chest with a stethoscope may reveal the presence of sounds,
apart from the normal breath sound, there are two main kinds of added sounds:
• ________, which sound like hairs being rubbed together and suggest the presence of
fluid in the lungs
• ________, which are more musical sounds, like whistling and indicate narrowing of
the airways. The sound of an asthma patient’s breathing is also called wheeze.
The sound heard when the pleural surfaces are inflamed, as in pleurisy, is called a pleural rub.
B. Read the dialogue between the doctor and Mr. Hamilton with your partner aloud, then
write how the dialogue will continue.
C. Make word combinations:
Blood cough
Breath rub
Deep tract
Pleural stained
Productive sounds
Respiratory breath
D. Rewrite the questions using words that are
better known to patients
a) Is your cough productive?
b) What colour is the sputum?
c) Is it ever purulent?
d) Have you ever had haemoptysis?
e) Do you suffer from dyspnoea?
Should smoking be banned?
Barack Obama’s doctor confirmed that the
president no longer smokes. At the urging of his
wife, the president first decided to stop smoking.
____(1) If it took Obama, a man strong-willed
enough to achieve the US presidency, five years
to kick the habit, it is not surprising that hundreds
of millions of smokers find themselves unable to
quit.
Although smoking had fallen sharply in the US,
the proportion of smokers stopped dropping
around 2004. Smoking kills about 443,000
Americans each year. Worldwide, the number of
cigarettes sold is six trillion a year, enough to
reach the sun and back. Six million people die
each year from smoking. _____ (2)
Earlier this month, the US Food and Drug
Administration announced that it would spend
$600 million over five years to educate the public
about the dangers of tobacco use. But Robert
Proctor, the author of a book entitled Golden
Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe,
says: “____ (3) It should rather be focused on
fixing or eliminating the product.”
His book starts with a view in the history of
smoking. ____(4) In 1953, however, a meeting of
the chief executives of major tobacco companies
took a joint decision to deny that cigarettes are
harmful. ____ (5) They did it in much the same
way as those who deny that human activities are
causing climate change.
For those who recognize the state’s right to ban
recreational drugs like marijuana and ecstasy, a
ban on cigarettes should be easy to accept.
Tobacco kills far more people than these drugs.
Some argue that as long as a drug harms only
those who choose to use it, the state should let
individuals make their own decisions. ____ (6)
But tobacco is not such a drug, given the dangers
posed by secondhand smoke, especially when
adults smoke in a home with young children.
Even setting aside the harm that smokers cause to
nonsmokers, the free-to-choose argument is
unconvincing with a drug as highly addictive as
tobacco. ____ (7) Reducing the amount of
nicotine in cigarette smoke to a level that was not
addictive might meet this objection.
The other argument for the status quo is that a ban
on tobacco might result in the same kind of fiasco
as occurred during Prohibition in the US. ____
(8) Corruption in law-enforcement agencies
would be on a rise, while little would be done to
reduce smoking.
But that may well be a false comparison. After
all, many smokers would actually like to see
cigarettes banned because, like Obama, they want
to quit.
A. That is more than from AIDS, malaria, and traffic accidents combined.
B. As early as the 1940’s, the industry had evidence suggesting that smoking causes cancer.
C. Tobacco control policy too often centres on educating the public.
D. That is prohibiting the sale of tobacco would make billions of dollars flow into organized crime.
E. The authorities should limit its role to ensuring that users are informed of the risks that they are
running.
F. For that purpose, he started using nicotine replacement therapy to help him.
G. Moreover, once the scientific evidence that smoking causes cancer became public, the industry
tried to create the impression that the science was inconclusive.
H. It becomes even more dubious when we consider that most smokers take up the habit as
teenagers and later want to quit.