Winter Semester 2013/2014 Handout 2
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PART I : EXERCISES
1. Read aloud:
 vertebra, ante, palpebra, medulla, vēna, trachēa, venēnum (2)
 sine, pilula, vitrum, inter, spīna, rīma, vīnum, salīva (3)
 post, anodus, oleum, prostata, bōlus, prō, prōcessus, dolorōsus (4)
 apud, gutta, glandula, uterus, ūrīna, rūptūra, nātūra (5)
 aegrōtus, praemātūrus, lagoena, foetor, aër, dyspnoē, diploē, proerythroblastos, coenzymum (6)
 felleus, balneum, āreola, aorta, interosseae, pleura, pӯogenēs, euryōpia (9)
 celulla, cibus, caecum, cystis, costa, cutis, fasciculus, clāvicula, frāctūra (11)
 coccӯgeus, occipitālis, ōscilococcinum, accessōrius, saccus, saccī, vaccīna (12)
 caecum, caecī, bucca, buccae, verrūca, verrūcae, thōrācica, thōrācicae, saccus, saccī,
coenzymum (13)
 digitus, tībia, destillāta, hernia, tunica, audītus (15)
 fūnctiō, articulātiō, vitium, īnsufficientia, sānātiō, ōstium, testium, mixtiō, combustiō (16)
 aqua, liquor, quadrātus, lingua, sanguis, unguentum, unguis, unguium, inguinālis (17)
 resistentia, incīsūra, spongiōsus, basis, crisis, nasālis, pulsus, morsus, mēnsis, plasma (18)
 comissūra, prōcessus, scissus, accessōrius, ossa, ossium, hypoglōssus, tussis, pertussis (19)
2. Read aloud the nominative and genitive forms of the nouns. Write down the number of the
declension; follow the example:
ex: caput, capitis - 3 coxa, coxae_ _ _; cervix, cervicis_ _ _; hypogastrium, hypogastrii_ _ _;
oculus, oculi_ _ _; sulcus, sulci_ _ _; crus, cruris_ _ _; processus, processus_ _ _;
arcus, arcus_ _ _; coccyx, coccygis_ _ _; bucca, buccae_ _ _; metatarsus, metatarsi_ _ _;
ilia, ilium_ _ _; fibula, fibulae_ _ _; pubes, pubis_ _ _; antebrachium, antebrachii_ _ _;
axilla, axillae_ _ _; hallux, hallucis_ _ _; patella, patellae_ _ _; capilli, capillorum_ _ _;
thorax, thoracis_ _ _; nasus, nasi_ _ _; os, ossis_ _ _; phalanx, phalangis_ _ _;
tarsus, tarsi_ _ _; humerus, humeri_ _ _; collum, colli _ _ _; symphysis, symphysis_ _ _;
facies, faciei_ _ _; corpus, corporis _ _ _; femur, femoris_ _ _; clavicula, claviculae_ _ _;
3. Decide what the stem of the nouns is and underline it; follow the example:
ex: caput, capit-is atlas, atlantis linea, lineae foramen, foraminis
axis, axis sternum, sterni crus, cruris manubrium, manubrii
sinus, sinus eminentia, eminentiae torus, tori articulatio, articulationis
ischium, ischii tibia, tibiae tendo, tendinis antebrachium, antebrachii
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maxilla, maxillae pollex, pollicis larynx, laryngis cornu, cornus
bronchus, bronchi cortex, corticis os, oris margo, marginis
4. Use the chart with endings to change the following words into plural; translate both forms to see the
difference in the meaning:
ex: coxa, ae, f. (1) cervix_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ oculus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ sulcus _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
gen. sg. cox-ae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
nom. pl. cox-ae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
crus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ arcus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bucca_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ metatarsus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fibula_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ hallux_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ os_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ antebrachium_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
axilla_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tarsus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ patella_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ genu_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. Use the chart with endings to connect two nouns to name anatomical structures; translate the
phrases:
caput + costa > ex: caput costae_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ head of rib_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
femur > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fibula > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
humerus > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
phalanx > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
radius > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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talus > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ulna > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
corpus + clavicula > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
mandibula > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
orbita > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
penis > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sternum > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
tibia > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
vertebra > _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. Connect nouns with prepositions in order to complete the table; use the chart with endings:
sub + Abl.
(where?)
under
shoulder blade skin tongue
sub scapula
sub + Acc.
(where to?)
under
eye rib kneecap
sub costam
in + Abl.
(where?)
in, at
tooth mouth bone
in + Acc. (where
to?)
to
skull orbit hypogastrium
ad + Acc.
towards
collar bone chest belly
ex + Abl.
from
ear nose finger
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PART II : GRAMMATICAL NOTES
INTRODUCTION TO SYNTAX
NOUN IN APPOSITION I.
If a noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the
noun which comes before it. In Latin, if the second noun is in the relation of dependency it is
expressed by genitive singular or genitive plural.
ex: fractura costae fracture of the rib
fractura costarum fracture of ribs
spina scapulae thorn of the shoulder blade
spinae scapularum thorns of shoulder blades
camera1
bulbi2
chamber of the eye
camerae bulbi chambers of the eye
camerae bulborum chambers of eyes
PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Prepositions are parts of speech denoting spatial or temporal relations; in Latin they are
combined with nouns to form so called prepositional phrases. Prepositions combine with
accusative, ablative or both accusative and ablative cases, e.g.:
in which in in, on, upon
from which a, ab from
out of which e, ex out of
under/at the foot of sub under
Place
into which in into
to which ad to, towards
through which per through
under/close up to which sub under
1
camera, ae, f. chamber
2
bulbus, i, m. bulb
ABLATIVE CASE
ACCUSATIVE CASE
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Fig. Posterior chamber of the eye bulb (Camera bulbi posterior), lateral view
DECLENSION
In English, change in the word order or preposition is used to express the meaning of the noun.
In Latin, the suffix is attached to the end of the word instead. Declensions are noun groups that
use the same suffix for each case.
Latin Ist DECLENSION
In the first declension we decline nouns that have3
:
Genitive sg. ending -AE
Nominative sg. ending -A
Gender mostly F
3
For the whole paradigm check the book p.6; or the chart with Latin and Greek declensions paradigm VENA.
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NOTE! A specific group of nouns are names of specialists that have feminine endings but are of
male gender, e.g. oculista, oculistae m. [ophthalmologist]; dentista, dentistae, m. [dentist];
pharmacista, ae, m. [pharmacist] etc.; names of muscles, e.g. antagonista, ae, m. [antagonistic
muscle, it acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by agonistic muscle]; agonista,
ae, m. [agonistic muscle]. These words are used rarely in medical terminology.
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PART III : VOCABULARY
allergia, ae, f. allergy
anaemia, ae, f. an(a)emia
angina, ae, f. angina
aorta, ae, f. aorta
apertura, ae, f. opening, aperture
arteria, ae, f. artery
causa, ae, f. cause, reason
cera, ae, f. wax
colica, ae, f. colic
columna, ae, f. column
crista, ae, f. crest
cura, ae, f. care
diphtheria, ae, f. diphtheria
epilepsia, ae, f. epilepsy
et and
fascia, ae, f. fascia
fossa, ae, f. hollow, fossa
fractura, ae, f. fracture
glandula, ae, f. gland
haemorrhagia, ae, f. bleeding,
haemorrhage
hernia, ae, f. hernia
incisura, ae, f. notch
insufficientia, ae, f. insufficiency
lagoena, ae, f. bottle
lamina, ae, f. membrane, lamina
lingua, ae, f. tongue
maxilla, ae, f. upper jaw, maxilla
medulla, ae, f. marrow
olla, ae, f. gallipot, cup
palpebra, ae, f. eyelid
pasta, ae, f. paste
pneumonia, ae, f. pneumonia
rima, ae, f. fissure, free space
ruptura, ae, f. rupture
scarlatina, ae, f. scarlet fever
scatula, ae, f. box
sclera, ae, f. sclera (outer coat of
the eyeball)
spina, ae, f. 1. vertebral column,
spine 2. ridge, spine
therapia, ae, f. treatment, therapy
valvula, ae, f. valve (lit. small
valve, valvule)
vena, ae, f. vein
vesica, ae, f. bladder