Introduction to osteoloy Skeleton of the spine and thorax THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE BONE TISSUE •bone is connective tissue, white, tough but flexible •It develops as activity of osteoblasts, which produce primary bone mass and then they change in the osteocytes a) osteocytes – located in cavities (lacuna) within the primary bone mass b) Primary bone mass– contains organic component (ossein) and anorganic component (calcium phosphate) We know two forms of bone tissue a) Compact bone (substantia compacta) b) Spongy bone (substantia spongiosa) 1 – Haversovs lamells 2 – intersected lamells 3 – superficial lamells 4 – spongy bone H – osteon 1 – osteocyte 2 – lacuna 3 – canaliculus osseus 4 – Haversian canal Compact bone OSTEON Haversův kanál The spongy bone •Substantia spongiosa •Substantia compacta •Skull - diploe Spongiosa kompakta 1 – periost 2 – Sharpey fibres 3 – vessels 4 – endost a) Fibrous layer(externaů) b) Cambious layer (internal) – rich sensory innervation PERIOSTEUM BONE MARROW Medulla ossium rubra – red bone marrow (active hematopoetic tissue) Medulla ossium flava – yellow bone marrow Medulla ossium gelatinosa – grey bone marrow TYPES OF BONES Dlouhé kosti Krátké kosti Ploché lpsti Long bones Middle section (diaphysis) Ends (epiphysis) proximal and distal Medullar cavity Short bones (various shapes) 1) On the surface - corticalis 2) Inside - substantia spongiosa Flat bones 1)Compact bone has two layers: lamina externa and interna and between them, there is spongy bone – diploe Sesamoidal bones In some muscle ligaments Pneumatized bones BONE VESSELS •The most importatnt bone vessels come through periosteum via Volkmann channels aa. epiphysariae aa. metaphysariae a. nutricia Periostal vessels Blood supply of the long bone X-RAY PICTURES 14 years 11 years 7 years 4,5 years 4,5 roku 7 let 11 let 14 let COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS - SPINE •During development: 33-34 vertebrae •After fusion: 24 vertebrae •Vertebrae •7 cervical •12 thoracic •5 lumbar •4-5 sacral- os sacrum •4-5 coccygeal- os coccygis VERTEBRA •corpus vertebrae •facies terminalis superior et inferior •arcus vertebrae •pediculus arcus vertebrae •lamina arcus vertebrae •foramen vertebrale •incisura vertebralis •processus •processus articulares •processus transversi •processus spinosus CERVICAL VERTEBRAE •uncus corporis vertebrae •processus transversus -tubercula anteriora et posteriora, foramina processus transversi •oval body •Triangular foramen vertebrale •cleft processus spinosus •processus articulares – in oblique plane Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae Processus transversus Costa ATLAS - C1 •arcus anterior • tuberculum anterior • fovea dentis •arcus posterior tuberculum posterior sulcus a. vertebralis •massae laterales processus transversi foramina pr. transversi Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae Processus transversus Costa AXIS - C2 •dens axis (original body of atlas)- apex dentis •facies articularis anterior et posterior •os odontoideum Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae Processus transversus Costa C6- TUBERCULUM CAROTICUM VERTEBRA PROMINENS- C7 VERTEBRAE THORACICAE •corpus: foveae costales - superiores, inferiores •processus transversus 1.-10.Th: fovea costalis pr. transversi •processus articulares: in frontal plane •Th4 – 9: impressio aortica Costa Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae Processus transversus VERTEBRAE LUMBALES •processus costarii •processus accesorius- more caudally •processus mamillaris- more cranially •processus articulares- in sagital plane •processus spinosi- flat plate •Sacralization of last lumbar vertebra Costa Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae Processus transversus OS SACRUM •facies dorsalis- crista- mediana, medialis, lateralis •facies auricularis- partes laterales ossis sacri •facies pelvina- lineae transversae •foramina sacralia- dorsalia, pelvina •canalis sacralis- hiatus sacralis- cornua sacralia •basis ossis sacri •apex ossis sacri •Lumbalization of sacral vertebra Costa Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae Processus transversus OS COCCYGIS •cornua ossis coccygis= processus transversi Co1 •apex coccygis Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus transversus Costa Processus transversus Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae VÝVOJ OBRATLŮ Základ žebra Základ processus transversus VÝVOJ OBRATLŮ COSTAE - RIBS •12 pairs of ribs: •costae verae: 7 pairs, true ribs •costae spuriae: 8th-10th pair, false ribs •costae fluctuantes (liberae) : 11th and 12th pair- free ribs •length- from 1st to 8th increases, the smallest: 1st anf 12th, the largest 6th – 9th RIB •os costae + cartilago: •caput costae, crista •collum costae •tuberculum costae •corpus costae •crista costae •sulcus costae •angulus costae • Facies articularis capitis costae Facies articularis tuberculi costae COSTA PRIMA -sulcus arterie subclaviae -(sulcus venae subclaviae) -tuberculum m. scaleni anterioris -úpon pro m. scalenus medius - odstup m. subclavius COSTA SECUNDA/second rib - tuberculum m. scaleni posterioris - tuberositas m. serrati anterioris STERNUM •sternebrae •manubrium sterni- incisura- jugularis, clavicularis and places for connection with cartilages of the first pair of ribs •angulus sterni •corpus- incisurae costales •processus xiphoideus X-RAY of cervical spine X-RAY of thoracic spine X-RAY of lumbar spine Thank you for your attention! Obrázky: Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009. Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III. Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010