Anatomy practice 1 RNDr. Michaela Račanská, Ph.D. Email: racanska@mail.muni.cz Autumn 2015 Attendance • Precise • Completition of the subject is assessed by the course-unit credit. A precondition for obtaining the course-unit credit is 95% attendance at the seminars (1 non-attendance tolerated). Apologies and substitution, in sickness – the certificate from the doctor perhaps 1 excused absence • Be prepared for the seminar !!!! (test, protocols - IS) Seminar 1. Skeleton of the spine and thorax (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum) Description of x-ray pictures 2. Skeleton of the upper and lower extremities Description of x-ray pictures 3. Skull, skull of the newborn Description of x-ray pictures 4. Joints of the spine, thorax and skull Joints of the upper limb (art. humeri et cubiti)Description of x-ray pictures 5. Joints of the upper and lower limbs Pelvis Pelvic planes Description of x-ray pictures 6. Demonstration of the muscles of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen 7. Muscles of the head Oral cavity (incl. tongue and salivary glands), pharynx, stomach, small and large intestine Description of x-ray pictures 8. Muscles of the abdomen Liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, duodenum Description of x-ray pictures 9. Laryngeal muscles Nasal cavity (vestibulum, nasal cavity proper), larynx, bronchi, lungs, thyroid gland Cricothyrotomy, tracheotomy, Description of x-ray pictures 10. Urinary and male genital system. Description of x-ray pictures 11. 12. 13.Dissections (dissection of the back, upper and lower extremities) Ovary (description, position in the lesser pelvis),Uterine tube, uterus, vagina, Description of x-ray pictures What you will need and safety at work long hair pin together painted nails earings, rings and bracelets Cases, lock and keyBlade no. 23 Holder no. 4 What is not allowed Safety at work • Every accident (even small injuries) that happens during your education immediately report, write to the accident book • Pregnancy – not allowed to attend dissections • Fire instructions Where you can study from? http://elsevierelibrary.co.uk/bookshelf Terminologia Anatomica 1998 TA Nomenclature Lending of bones (this schedule is valid for the first 6 week of semmester) monday 8. 00 – 18. 00* tuesday 8.00 – 16.00* wednesday 8.00 – 18.00* thursday 8.00 – 16.00* friday 8.00 – 16.00* * 11.30 – 12.30 lunch break Orientation on the body Anatomical position standard erect position Not a military position! x PLANES – 3 anatomical planes or sections Sagittal plane (median) Midsagittal vertical plane - Right and left Acc. to sagittal axis Transverse plane (horizontal, axial, cross sections) Vertical plane - Superior and inferior (acc. to transversal axis) Frontal plane (coronal) Anterior and posterior (acc. to longitudinal axis) cranialis caudalis superior inferior ventralis dorsalis anterior posterior medialis lateralis medianus medius (intermedius) dexter sinister superficialis profundus internus externus Directions on the body Directions at the limbsPROXIMALIS DISTALIS RADIALIS (lateralis) ULNARIS (medialis) PALMARIS DORSALIS PLANTARIS FIBULARIS (lateralis) TIBIALIS (medialis) Marking of bones -positive and negative relief • Sulcus – a groove • Incisura – a notch • Canalis – a canal • Fossa – a pit, hollow • Fovea – a pit, hollow • Foramen – an opening, orifice, gap • Groove – a furrow • Processus – a projection, prominence • Spina – a thorn • Tuberculum – a tubercle • Tuber – a torus • Tuberositas – a tuberosity, large rounded eminence NEGATIVE POSITIVE Internus – internal Externus – external Superficialis – superficial Profundus – deep Os, ossis, ossa – a bone, bones Articulus – a joint Facies – a facet, surface MAIN PARTS OF HUMAN BODY Head – caput Capitulum – a small head Neck – collum, cervix Trunk - truncus: chest (thorax) back (dorsum) belly (abdomen) pelvis (pelvis) Upper limb - membrum superius: arm (brachium) forearm (antebrachium) hand (manus): back of the hand (dorsum manus), palm (palma manus), fingers (digiti manus) Lower limb - membrum inferius: thigh (femur) lower leg (crus) foot (pes): back of the foot (dorsum pedis), sole (planta pedis), fingers (digiti pedis) Fossa x fovea Fovea capitis femoris Fossa iliaca Fossa trochanterica Fossa olecrani Source of the pictures: Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 Caput x condylus Caput humeri Condylus medialis et lateralis et epicondylus med. et lat. femoris Epicondylus med. et lat. humeri Caput tali Caput femoris Source of the pictures: Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 Incisura x foramen Incisura scapulae Foramen obturatum Source of the pictures: Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993 X-ray´s anatomy Anatomy is essential for understanding radiology. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 1845-1923 1895 – discovery of x-ray 1901- awarded by Nobel price in physics) Central projection 3 D object 2D image negative image positive image A highly penetrating beam of x-rays „transluminates“ the patient, showing tissues of differing densities on x-ray film. A tissue or organ that is relatively dense absorbs (stops) more x-rays than a less dense tissue. Light structures – shadows (Heart shadow) Dark structures – brightening (Brightening of the lung tissue) X-rays principle Interpretation of image documents Interpretation is an integral part of every radiological exam !! Projections: Sagital(PA, AP), Lateral, dorsoplantar, dorsopalmar digital modalities films monitor negatoscope - translumination PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS NATIVE, conventional (simple) without using contrast agent X-rays with contrast material (CONTRAST EXAMINATION) For bowel or vessels Negative Gass, air (brain ventricles) Positive Barium sulfate Iodine-based molecules are mostly used to obtain images of connective tissue musculoskeletal system, assessing their integrity as fractures, bone development, osteoporosis, relations with joint injuries, etc. They can be used to control the operation of the bones They are used to investigate the hollow organs of the digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system and blood vessels We got the picture of the filling of the investigated area Double contrast – barium and air (colon) How to describe bones - knowledges of the general osteology, basic orientation on the body withplanes are obvious In describing bones we proceed according to the following outline:: 1. Name of the bone (english, latin) 2. Type of the bone (long, short ….) 3. Dividing into separate parts (ends, body, surfaces, borders….) 4. Description of the positive and negative relief of the isolated parts 5. In paired bones estimate the laterality IMPORTANT!!! STUDY WITH THE BORROWED MATERIAL IN THE BONY ROOM OR IN THE MUSEUM AT THE DEPARTMENT!!! HOW TO DIFFER VERTEBRAS Costa Processus transversus Corpus vertebrae Processus articulares Processus spinosus Arcus vertebrae General features of all vertebras Special features X-rays of the spine SPINE CERVICAL PART axial projection spinous process transverse process mandible vertebral body disc space 1th rib clavicle thoracic vertebra cervical vertebra SPINE CERVICAL PART lateral projection posterior arch of C1 spinous processes C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 mandible intervertebral disc spaces C1 C2 dens (C2) occiput hyoid intervertebral joint inf. articular process sup.articular process intervertebral foramen SPINE THORACIC PART axial projection thoracic vertebral body spinous process costovertebral joint pedicles Intervertebral disc space ribs diaphragm SPINE THORACIC PART lateral projection thoracic vertebral body intervertebral disc space ribs SPINE LUMBAR PART axial projection pedicle spinous process sacrum intervertebral space costal process vertebral body superior articular process inferior articular process intervertebral joint last rib 1th thoracic vertebraL1 L2 L3 L4 L5 SPINE LUMBAR PART lateral projection spinous processes sacrum L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 Intervertebral disc space vertebral body pedicle intervertebral foramen