Study instructions Demands •Active attendance at the classes – one unexcused absence possible, excuses give in to the study office •Possibility of substituting your classes in other seminar group (has to be the same week as your absence, max. twice a semester) •Taking two partial exams (in the case of successfull completion over 70 %, you get bonus 5 % for your final exam) •Regular homestudy required Methods of teaching •Preparatory course •7 units in one semester – exercises in the handbook (Prucklová, Severová – Introduction to Latin and Greek Terminology in Medicine) •Study materials under your personal administration in IS •Drill in the IS •Study literature (illustrated dictionaries) Why Latin/Greek? •universal, precise and flexible system of terms • •Denote: oanatomical structures omedicaments otherapeutical methods, diagnoses •Used in: oclinical diagnoses odissection protocols omedical prescriptions omedical documentation --- communication between doctors from different environments/countries/fields of study o • Anatomical structures http://pctuning.tyden.cz/ilustrace3/svobodova/ergonomie1/06_lebka2.png Medicaments •Paxil: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety drug (Pax=peace in Latin) •Lunesta: a sleeping medication (Luna=moon in Latin) •Viagra: a medication for erectile dysfunction (Vi[r]= man in Latin and Agra=field, usually farmed or fertile in Latin and Greek) •Fosamax: a drug for osteoporosis, or bone thinning (Os=bone Max=great in Latin) Diagnoses • System of diagnose codes 09_Dg_padak.pdf VulnusScissum-01.jpg Medical prescriptions • At the end of the course, you will be able to: •understand the system in the terminology of anatomical structures ( = easier memorizing of the terms) •understand the principles of forming more complex terms •understand a clinical diagnose •write your own clinical diagnose •write a medical prescription • Latin pronunciation Read aloud : •hypnosis •ala •olla •eupnoe •ileus •mucus •haematoma •iliacus • • • • • •ossa •diploe •cubitus •venae •diameter •sacralis •ulcus •iris • • •sutura •sigmoideus •depressor •area •oesophagus •melior •meatus •leucocytus • • • • Vowels A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Y Z Vowels Long Short Ā (father) frāctūra A (cut) lingua Ē (sad) artēria E (met) vertebra Ī (intrigue) spīna I (intrigue) digitus I (yes) > J Ō (door) sensōrius O (on) skeleton Ū (boom) ruptūra U (put) uterus Y (analysis) hypophysis Y (lady) tympanum • • Diphtongs AE=Ē (care) anaemia OE=Ē (care) lagoena Greek words OE (o-e) dyspnoe EU (e-u) euthanasia Consonants I. A Ā B C D E Ē F G H I Ī K L M N O Ō P Q R S T U Ū V X Y Ŷ Z Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 1: c + a, o, u, consonants c + ae, oe, e, i, y [k] medical [ts] tsar camera, costa, cultivatio, cranium caecus, coeliacia, centrum, circulatio, cynismus 2: ch [x] loch chirurgia, cholera Consonants II. 4: h [h] house herba, haematologia 5: j + vowel [y] yes iniectio/injectio, maior/major 6: p p + h [p] present [f] physiology pneumonia, pulmo phantasia, pharmacia 7: qu+ vowel [kv] quarrel aqua, quadriceps 8: r r+h [r] rupture [r] vertebra, ruptura rheuma, rhinitis Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 3: g gu + vowel [g] ground [gv] gramma, gastritis lingua, sanguis Consonants III. Consonant/group of consonants Pronunciation Example 9: s/ss s between two vowels and following after l, r, n [s] some [z] zebra serum, fossa nasus, incisura, pulsus, tonsilla, inversus, suspensio 10: t ti + vowel s/t/x + ti + vowel t+h [t] tongue [tsi] [ty] [t] trauma, tactus operatio, substantia tibia, ostium, mixtio therapia, thermometrum 11: z [z] zone zoologia Read aloud : Grammatical concepts of Latin Gender •Masculine (e.g. nervus) •Feminine (e.g. fractura) •Neutral (e.g. cerebrum) • •Not always intuitive – you have to learn the gender of each noun !!! Number •Singular (=1) •Plural (=2 and more) Case • •English: the order of the words in a sentence/phrase gives the information on their grammatical function • • e.g. Teacher gives a book to the student. • (subject – verb – direct object – indirect object) • •Latin: the form of each word in a sentence/phrase gives the information on its grammatical function • • e.g. Magister dat librum discipulo. • What happens if we swip the order of the words? •English: meaning changes • Student give a book to the teacher. • oisolated word does not give any information on its function • •Latin: nothing • Dat magister librum discipulo. • Librum magister discipulo dat. • Discipulo magister librum dat. etc. • oisolated word gives all the information on its grammatical function • •All sentences mean the same, because the forms of the words did not change! How do cases work in medical terms? • •Nominative (Nom.) – the subject of sth – upright case (1st dictionary entry) •Genitive (Gen.) – functions as English preposition of, also possessive function, denotes the declension of a noun (2nd dictionary entry) •Accusative (Acc.) – the object of sth, motion towards sth, with prepositions (ad, prope, in, propter, post, ante, etc.) •Ablative (Abl.) – expresses separation or motion away from sth, with prepositions (e/ex, a/ab, de, sine, cum, etc.) • • • •status post implantationem osteoprotheseos coxae sine complicationibus • •Nominative: status (the subject of the phrase, usually stands first) •Genitive: osteoprotheseos (implantation of the osteoprothesis) • coxae (osteoprothesis of the hip) •Accusative: implantationem (after preposition post) •Ablative: complicationibus (after preposition sine) • • What will you find in the dictionary? English noun is presented only in its single form (nominative singular) Latin noun is presented in three forms Muscle = MUSCULUS, I, M. Bone = OS, OSSIS, N. Main form (full nominative) Genitive ending/or even full Genitive form Gender abbreviation CAUTION! When learning new words ALL THREE FORMS are EQUALLY important for the future ability to use the noun in the context. Genitive ending = Declension DECLENSION 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th GENITIVE ENDING -ae (-es) -i -(?)-is -us -ei EXAMPLE coxa, ae, f. humerus, i, m. cranium, ii, n. coccyx, gis, f. dens, dentis, m. femur, oris, n. pelvis, is, f. arcus, us, m. genu, us, n. facies, ei, f. Declensions are groups of nouns (or adjective) that use the same set of suffixes (=endings). Declension •= a group of nouns that form their cases the same way (have the same system of endings), see the chart • •Each noun belongs to one of 5 declensions, the division of nouns into declensions is based on their stem (according to Gen. plural form) • Ø1st declension – a-stems – ven-a-rum Ø2nd declension – o-stems – nerv-o-rum Ø3rd declension Øi-stems – pelv-i-um Øconsonant stems – dolo-r-um, pon-t-um, sectio-n-um Ø4th declesion – u-stems – duct-u-um Ø5th declension – e-stems – faci-e-rum Latin and Greek declensions ENDINGS PHOTO.png Stem of a word •= a form to which affixes (endings) can be attached • •IT IS CRUCIAL TO KNOW THE STEM TO CREATE ALL OTHER CASES !!! • •In Latin we need to remove the genitive ending in order to gain the genitive stem ven-a ven-ae humer-us humer-i diamet-er diametr-i dol-or dolor-is corp-us corpor-is de-ns dent-is arc-us arc-us gen-u gen-us faci-es faci-ei Adjectives •= words that give new information on nouns, modify nouns • •Adjectives always have to correspond with the noun to which they belong in gender, number and case!!!! • •fractura ulnae dextrae complicata •vertebrae thoracicae •ad lagoenam fuscam •cum anaemia perniciosa • •Why do you think this is so? Prepositions •with accusative Øad = towards, to – ad cranium Øante = before – ante fracturam Øpost = after – post operationem Øper = through – per rectum Øin (motion)= towards, into – in lagoenam Øprope (motion) = near to – prope ulnam Øpropter = because of – propter anaemiam •with ablative Øe/ex = out of – e scatula Øa/ab = from, by – a medico Øsine = without – sine insufficientia Øcum = with – cum digito medio Øpro = for the sake of – pro adulto Exercise •Assign the words from the vocabulary in Handout 1 to their declensions using the chart • •Decide the stem of each word