Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             1   PART I: HOMEWORK 1: GRAMMAR from the book. To be prepared for the Lesson 3 you are expected: - to read the following material from the book Unit 2: Latin and Greek Nouns of the 1st declension, p. 6. - to read the Presentation 2 on the IS and Handout 2 (vocabulary including!!!!) - to finish all exercises from Handout 2. In case of any doubts do not hesitate to ask for the further explanations. 2: EXERCISES 1. Translate phrases with two or more nouns in the state of dependency: fracture of hip fractures of hip The hip fracture fracture of calf bones fractures of the calf bone fracture of the rib fractures of ribs aperture of the tongue hollow of the gland arteries of the scapula veins of the tongue lamina of the sclera fracture of the column of vertebrae fracture of the spine of the shoulder blade fracture of the upper and lower jaw fracture of the radial and elbow bone therapy of the fracture of the collar bone therapy of fracture of vertebrae insufficiency of the valvule of the aorta Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             2   ruptura venae ruptura venārum ruptura aortae fossa axillae ruptura fasciae incisura mandibulae incisura scapulae fossa coxae fossae coxarum apertura patellae spina vertebrae venae medullae rima palpebrarum fractura spinarum vertebrarum therapia fracturae tibiae et fibulae glandulae linguae 2. Connect two nouns of different declensions in order to form grammatically correct anatomical terms: sulcus + sclera _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ corpus + maxilla_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ corpus + lingua _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ symphysis + mandibula _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ arcus + aorta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ collum + vesica_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ columna + vertebrae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rima + palpebrae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. Translate the prepositional phrases with one noun into Latin/English: from the vein from the veins from the gland from the glands with the anomaly with the anomalies into the hip into the hips after the fracture after the fractures into the gland into the glands Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             3   into the calf bone into the calf bones into the aperture into the apertures without the gland without the glands for the vein for the veins in the vein in the veins in the gland in the glands in vena ex vena in venas in venis in aortam in aorta in aperturam in apertura ex glandula ex glandulis in glandulis in glandula in fissuras in fissurā 4. Translate the prepositional phrases with several nouns into Latin/English: after the fracture of the hip after the fractures of the hip after the fracture of the rib after the fracture of the calf bone after the fractures of the calf bones because of the fracture of the calf bone because of the fracture of the rib without the fracture of the rib without the fractures of the ribs without the fracture of the calf bone due to diabetes after athrophy post fracturam costae post fracturas coxarum Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             4   in glandulas linguae ante fracturam costarum post therapiam fracturae fibulae in rima palpebrarum sine fractura fibulae sine fractura costae post rupturam fasciae ante rupturam aortae in fissuram aortae post insufficientiam valvulae aortae propter dyspnoen sine pneumonia 5. Translate the legends of the following images1 :                                                                                                                           1 Images copied, rearranged and adjusted; source: Feneis, H & Dauber, W.: Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy, Thieme 2000. Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             5   6. Connect two nouns from clinical terminology; then match the clinical terms with the preposition in the correct form: therapia + allergia, anaemia, angina, colica, diphtheria, haemorrhagia, diabetes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ post _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cura + hernia, dyspnoe, scarlatina, ruptura vesicae, pneumonia, epilepsia, insufficientia valvularum, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ post _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ causa + diphtheria, fractura, ruptura, therapia, insufficientia valvulae, ascites, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ post _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. Match names of diseases and disorders from the previous exercise with the following definitions. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an acute or chronic disease marked by inflammation of the lungs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a deficiency in the number of red blood cells _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ any of various neurological disorders characterized by sudden attacks, with or without loss of consciousness or convulsive seizures _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an acute contagious disease caused by a haemolytic streptococcus, characterized by a scarlet skin eruption and high fever _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the projection of an organ or part through the lining of the cavity in which it is normally situated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ spasmodic pains in the abdomen _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ substantial bleeding Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             6   _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an overreaction of the immune system to a previously encountered, ordinarily harmless substance, resulting in skin rash or other abnormal conditions _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a tear in an organ or a tissue _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an failure in the functioning of an organ, tissue, etc. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ any disease of the throat or fauces marked by spasmodic attacks of intense suffocative pain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an acute contagious infection marked by the formation of a false membrane in the throat and other air passages causing difficulty in breathing 8. Try to illustrate the meaning of prepositions on the image of the gallipot: a, ab ad in in sub sub e, ex cum sine prope infra 9. Translate: paste in the box gallipot with the wax bottle of water water inside the bottle bottle without the water to the paste Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             7   PART II: NEW MATERIAL 1: GRAMMAR - INTRODUCTION TO SYNTAX II. ADJECTIVES Adjectives are “describing” words; their main syntactic role is to qualify a single noun or noun phrase made of several nouns and give the information about the object. In Latin, adjectives alter their form to reflect the gender, case and number of the noun they describe. This is called agreement. The gender of the noun is always given with the noun in the vocabulary and it must be memorised when a new word is learned. Case and number of the adjective will be identical with the case and the number of the noun. Gender is a grammatical category. The division into genders correlates to some degree with the biological sex (male/female/child : masculine/feminine/neuter), but in Latin it usually depends on the ending of the word. Latin nouns can be of masculine (m., M.), feminine (f., F) or neuter (n., N) gender. OVERVIEW OF DECLENSIONS BASED ON ENDINGS AND GENDER Declension 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Genitive ending -ae (-es)2 -i -(?)-is -us -ei Nominative ending -a (-e/-es) -us,-er (-os)/ -um (-on) various -us/-u -es Gender F(M) M+N (F) M+F+N M+N(F) F(M) CONSEQUENCES OF GRAMMATICAL AGREEMENT (AGREED ATTRIBUTE) As nouns are of three genders in Latin, adjectives have also three different forms to comply with the gender of the noun. A feminine noun can never be connected with the adjective of masculine or neuter gender; a masculine noun can never be connected with the adjective of feminine or neuter gender etc. Adjectives of 1st and 2nd declension are inflected as nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension. Ordinal numerals in Latin have same forms as Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension. In Latin anatomical terminology there are only ordinal numerals form 1-12. Adjectives of 1st and 2nd declension as well as ordinal numerals 1-12 and can have the following endings: masculines feminines neuters -us/-er -a -um e.g. magnus, magna, magnum dexter, dextra, dextrum M F N M F N parvus, parva, parvum sinister, sinistra, sinistrum                                                                                                                           2 Endings in brackets belong to Latinised words of the Greek origin. Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             8   In the dictionary: magnus, a, um big dexter, a, um right parvus, a, um small sinister, a, um left primus, a, um first Examples of a grammatical agreement: coxa (F) magna cervix (F) magna oculus (M) magnus sulcus (M) magnus parva parva parvus parvus dextra dextra dexter dexter sinistra sinistra sinister sinister crus (N) magnum arcus (M) magnus bucca (F) magna metatarsus (M) magnus parvum parvus parva parvus dextrum dexter dextra dexter sinistrum sinister sinistra sinister fibula (F) magna hallux (M) magnus os (N) magnum antebrachium (N) magnum parva parvus parvum parvum dextra dexter dextrum dextrum sinistra sinister sinistrum sinistrum facies (F) magna femur (N) magnum auris (F) magna genu (N) magnum parva parvum parva parvum dextra dextrum dextra dextrum sinistra sinistrum sinistra sinistrum costa (F) prima nervus (M) primus dens (M) primus crus (N) primum secunda secundus secundus secundum quinta quintus quintus quintum INFLECTION of NON-AGREED ATTRIBUTE AGREED ATTRIBUTE sg. 1. fractura vertebrae/vertebrarum 1. fractura complicata 2. fracturae vertebrae/vertebrarum 2. fracturae complicatae 4. (post) fracturam vertebrae/vertebrarum 3. (post) fracturam complicatam 6. (cum) fracturā vertebrae/vertebrarum 4. (cum) fracturā complicatā pl. 1. fracturae vertebrae/vertebrarum 1. fracturae complicatae 2. fracturarum vertebrae/vertebrarum 2. fracturarum complicatarum 4. (post) fracturas vertebrae/vertebrarum 4. (post) fracturas complicatas 6. (cum) fracturis vertebrae/vertebrarum 6. (cum) fracturis complicatis Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             9   PART III : VOCABULARY acne, es, f. acne acquisitus, a, um acquired acutus, a, um acute albus, a, um white ante (+acc.) before, in front of apertus, a, um open auditivus, a, um auditory bursa, ae, f. pouch, bursa cavus, a, um hollow cellula, ae, f. cell chirurgicus, a, um surgical chronicus, a, um chronic clausus, a, um closed coccygeus, a, um coccygeal complicatus, a, um complicated congenitus, a, um congenital, hereditary coronarius, a, um coronary decimus, a, um tenth dexter, a, um right (side) diabetes, ae, m. diabetes diastole, es, f. diastole diarrhoe, es, f. diarrhoea, dysentery duodecimus, a, um twelfth epidemicus, a, um epidemic externus, a, um external felleus, a, um of bile, bilious fuscus, a, um dark brown gastricus, a, um gastric iliacus, a, um iliac internus, a, um internal latus, a, um wide liber, libera, liberumfree linea, ae, f. line magnus, a, um big, large medianus, a, um median medius, a, um middle mellitus, a, um of honey (about diabetes) mucosus, a, um mucous niger, a, um black nonus, a, um ninth obliquus, a, um oblique, inclined oblongatus, a, um prolonged octavus, a, um eight palatinus, a, um palatal parvus, a, um small periculosus, a, um dangerous plica, ae, f. fold postoperativus, a, um postoperative primus, a, um first proprius, a, um proper profundus, a, um profound, deep quartus, a, um fourth quintus, a, um fifth rhaphe, es, f. suture secundus, a, um second secundarius, a, um secondary septimus, a, um seventh serosus, a, um serosal, serous sextus, a, um sixth sinister, a, um left (side) spurius, a, um false subcutaneus, a, um subcutaneous, under the skin sutura, ae, f. 1. suture 2. stitch systole, es, f. systole tertius, a, um third thoracicus, a, um thoracic thyroideus, a, um thyroid transversus, a, um transversal tuba, ae, f. tube tuberculosus, a, um tuberculous tunica, ae, f. membrane undecimus, a, um eleventh uterinus, a, um uterine urinarius, a, um urinary Winter  Semester  2015/2016  Handout  3             10   verus, a, um true COLLOCATIONS: diabetes mellitus diabetes medulla oblongata medulla oblongata (prolongation of the spinal cord) tuba auditiva auditory tube, Eustachian tube tuba uterina oviduct, uterine tube, Fallopian tube vesica fellea gall bladder