GENERAL ARTHROLOGY
RNDr. Michaela Racanska, Ph.D. Lecture 7 - DENTISTRY - Autumn 2013
Skeletal junctions
Juncturae seu Systema articulare_
Two main types of connections:
1. Synathrosis /fibrous joint, fluent connection/ - union by some kind of the connective tissue
(fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone)
2. Diarthrosis /synovial joint, connection by touch/ - union by touch (by articular
surfaces and another additional features)
Fibrous joint (synarthrosis)
>Continuous connections by a layer of connective tissue between bones nearly immobile
>The articulare surface are missing!
> Differentiation according the type of connective tissue
1) Syndesmosis - orticulotio fibrosa, bones are joined by fibrous tissue
2) Synchondrosis - orticulotio cartilaginea, bones are joined by cartilage
3) Synostosis - orticulotio osseo, bones are joined by bone tissue
Syndesmosis (art. fibrosa)
1) connective tissue (ligaments), band of collagen fibrous tissue, (like a rope, ribbon or flat membrane)
Radius
sutura sc r rat a
Ulna
SYNDESMOSES
2) wedging (gomphosis): fixation of tooth to the alveolus
Tooth
Gomphosis joint
Mandible
Source: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gompriosis
3) sutures between flat skull bones (suturae). The main types of sutures: ■serrated suture (sutura serrata) ■squamous suture (sutura squamosa), ■flat suture (sutura plana)
sutura squamosa
sutura plana
Source: anatomie Cihák
Synchondrosis (art. cartilaginea)
bones are joined by cartilage
>Connection using hyaline cartilage (connection of ribs and sternum, between bones of the skull base- in child)
Obturator cfttwl
>connection using fibrous cartilage (SYMPHYSIS)
(intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis (symphysis pubica) between both pelvic bones
Source:http://www.wikiskripta.eu/index.php/Soubor:Gray394.png
Synostosis (art. ossea)
>bones are joined by bone tissue, for example synostosis sphenooccipitalis
Connection of the bones using the bone tissue, the result is growing of two or more bones
>Exapmles: sacral bone, coccygeal bone, coxal bone, some skull bones >ln adulthood: synostosis of skull sutures - physiological, pathological
DIARTHROSIS (junctura synovialis, articulatio)
Articulation (joint) is movable union of two or more bones by touch of contact articular surfaces covered by the articular cartilage.
General features of a joint
Synovial Joint
> Articular surfaces=/oc/es articulares
particular fossa=/osso articularis, articular head=caput articulare)
> Joint capsu\e=capsula articularis (stratum fibrosum and stratum synoviale)
> Joint cavity=coi//tos articularis articular fissure filled by synovial fluid {synovia) Synovial fluid (synovia) - nourishes an articular cartilage, increases adhesion and decreases friction of contact surfaces (plicae) or (villi) - are folds of the synovial layer of the articular capsule and increase inner surface of articular capsule (capsula articularis)
> Articular network (rete articulare) - plentiful supplying of joint by arteries, veins and nerves
> Special joint apparatus
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage -Fibrous joint capsule
Joint cavity filled with synovial fluid Ligaments
Additional features of the joints
a) labrum articulare - fibrocartilaginous ring - broadening of a shallow articular fossa by a strip of cartilage
b) articular discs and meniscs (disci and menisci articulares) - plates of cartilage, which serves as elastic pads, discs divid the articular cavity into two parts, menisci only partly
c) ligaments (ligamenta) are present in the most joints as extracapsular, capsular or intracapsular ligaments
d) articular muscles [musculi articulares) - prevent of a strangulation of articular capsules
e) bursae and synovial pockets [bursae synoviales) - are small cavities close to the joint. They are constructed by synovial membrane and synovial fluid. Usually may communicate with the joint cavity.
Movements in joints
>Possible according to the shape of articulation surfaces and on position of muscles attachments around the joints
>Joints monoaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Basic position of the joint - basic anatomical position
Middle position of the joint - most relaxed joint capsule
Movements in joints
Plantar newon
[Illustrations : A. Micheau - MD]
(a) Supination (S) and pronation (P)
Copyright ©2001 Benjamin Cummlng&, an imprint or Addison Wesley Longman, inc.
Types of joints
Joints may be classified from various points of view. According to a number of articular surfaces: a) Simple joints
>only two bones are in contact
b) Compound joints
>more than two bones are in contact >two bones and between them is located or >disk [discus) or menisk [meniscus articularis).
Classification of joints according to the shape of articular surfaces:
spheroidal joint (ball-and-socket joint) (articulatio spheroidea) - head has shape like a sphere or its part), free spheroid joint (arthrodia)
spheroid joint with restricted movements (enarthrosis)
> ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint (articulatio ellipsoidea) cylindrical joint:
pivot joint (trochoid) (articulatio trochoidea), wheel joint - the axe of movement is parallel with the longitudinal axe of bone
hinge joint (articulatio trochlearis); ginglymus - the axe of movement is in the right angle to the longitudinal axe of bone
> saddle joint (sellar) (articulatio sellaris) >plane joint (articulatio plana)
> amphiartrosis
ART. PLANA
AMPHIARTROSIS
(a) Planar joint between the navicular and second and third cuneiforms of the tarsus in the foot
BALL AND SOCKET
ARTH RODIA
I Ball and *ock*t |olnt
CYLINDRICAL JOINT:
HINGE JOINT
: Hing« joint
ENARTHROSIS
y Acetabulum •*\ ot hip bone
Head of femur
(f) Ball-and-socket joint between head of the femur and acetabulum of the hip bone
Pivot joint
ART. ELLIPSOIDEA (CONDYLOID)
m
No rotation!
Movements according to the long axis
Radius ■
Scaphoid -
X   i IJL
Ulna
■ Lunate
f I'lVl \\\
(d) Condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus (wrist)
SADDLE JOINT
Radius Trapezium
Metacarpal of thumb
(e) Saddle joint between trapezium of carpus (wrist) and metacarpal of thumb
Saddle joint
Classification of joints according to the level of moveability and number of axis of movements:
Joints with minimal movement: With irregular surfaces - amphiarthrosis
Joints with sliding movements: Flat joints - articulatio plana
Joints with rotational movements:
-Joint surfaces allow rotation along one to three axis One-axis joints (art. cylindroidea and art. trochlearis) Two-axis joints (art. ellipsoidea and art. sellaris) Triaxial joints (art. sphaeroidea)
_Atlas (Cl),
Clavicle
Plane
Plane joints (usually uniaxial) Acromion of    permit ghcftng or scapula sliding movements
Axts (C2).
Pivot
In pivot joints (uniaxial), a rounded process ' of bone fits into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation.
Hinge
Hinge joints (uniaxial) permit flexion and extension only.
Ball and socket
In ball and socket joints (multiaxial). a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes.
Saddle
In saddle joints i.biaxial;. saddle-shaped heads permit movement in two different planes
Condyloid
Condyloid joints (biaxial) permit flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and circumduction
How to describe joints
Obvious are theoretical knowledges of the general arthrology, the knowledges of the special osteology is obvious.
We are following this outline :
1. Name of the joint,
2. Names of the articular surfaces,
3. Characteristic of the joint capsule
4. Joint auxiliary equipmnet,
5. Type of the joint,
6. Movements in the joint.
An integral part is the description of the joints at the plain x-rays in sagittal and lateral projection
Special arthrology_
Connections of the spine and thorax
Junctions of the spine
Spine (columna vertebralis)
We can observe all types of junctiones on the spine Synartroses and diarthroses as well
Synarthrosis
- syndesmosis- ligaments
- synchondrosis- disci intervertebrales
- synchondrosis sacrococcygea
- synostosis- os sacrum, os coccygis
Diarthrosis- articulationes intervertebrales
Joints of the Vertebral Bodies
> disci intervertebrales: altogether 23, —1»««»
> cartilaginous (symphysis) connection, discus
> (anulus fibrosus - hyaline and fibrous cartilage - Concentric layers of fibrocartilaginous fibers, nucleus pulposus-fibrous tissue)
Junctions of vertebral arches
- elastic ligaments - ligamenta flava (interarcualia)
Superior articular process
Transverse process and transverse costal facet
Zygapophysial joint cavity
Pedicle of vertebral arch (cut)
Intervertebral foramen
Lamina of vertebral arch
Vertebral body
Anterior longitudinal ligament blending with anulus fibers of IV disc
Intervertebral ■ disc
Inferior articular process
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
covering
vertebral
body
Foramina
for blood
vessels
entering/
exiting
vertebral
bodies
Anterior view
Junctions of articular processes of vertebrae
•articulationes intervertebrales
between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae - zygapophysial/facet joints
sliding movements angulations of the articular facets determine types of movements
- short ligaments:
- ligg. intertransversaria
- ligg. interspinalia
- lig. supraspinale (cervical area) - as _
sagitally oriented ligamentum nuchae which is going to the occipital bone
External occipital protuberance
Posterior atlanjo-cccipital membrane
Nuchal ligament
Ligamenta flava
Interspinous IgJM tnH
Sprous process of C7 vertebra
Supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral disc
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Pechcle (cut,
Anterior longitudnai ligament
transverse ligament
Transverse process
Articular capsule of zygapophystal joints
Lateral costotransverse ligament
[nterspmous ligament
Supraspinous ligament
(A) Right lateral view
(B) Right posterior oblique view
Junctions common for all vertebrae
a) lig. longitudinale anterius
b) lig. longitudinale posterius
• They continue also to the sacral and coccygeal bone
Ligamentum Flavum
Facet Capsular/ Ligament
Interspi Ligament
Supraspinous Ligament
itertrans verse Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Anterior ongitudinal Ligament
Synostosis
• Conection using the bone tissue
• Sacral bone: fusion of five sacral vertebrae
• Coccygeal bone: fusion of 3 - 5 coccygeal vertebrae
Curvature of vertebral column
1. In the sagittal plane
- double S-shaped: lordosis: curvature forwards, cervical C4-5 and lumbar L3-4
kyphosis: curvature backwards, thoracic Th6-7 and sacral
2. Curvature in the frontal plane
- Skoliosis, mild skoliosis is physiological
and it is present in all people - in most mild right, in some mild left (if you are right or left-handed)
SHAPE AND MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE
- 35% of body height Movements
• anteflexion, retroflexion, 90° cervical, 23° lumbar, most stressed and vulnerable is part of the lower cervical vertebrae, Thll-12, L4-S1
• lateroflexion, 30° cervical, 35° lumbar
• Rotation and torsion, 60-70° cervical, 25-35° thoracic
• Springing movements
Mobility of the vertebral column
- depends on the size of intervertebral disc
- the mobility is rectricted by: ligaments, articular capsules and muscles
the cervical vertebrae allow a range of flexion, lateroflexion and rotation coupled with lateroflexion the thoracic should be particularly mobile in rotation (is limited by the attachment of ribs) in the lumbar region - anteflexion, retroflexion, lateral flexion
Lateral
Junctions of the thorax
■ costovertebral joints
art. capitis costae
art. costotransversarium
■ costochondral joints and interchondral joints
artt. interchondrales (6th-9th)
membrana intercostalis externa, interna
■ sternocostal joints
artt. sternocostales (2nd-5th) synchondrosis (1st, 6th, 7th)
Costovertebral Joints
Articulationes capitis costae
■ AF: head of the rib articulates with the inferior and
superior costal facets of two adjacent thoracic vertebral bodies and the intervening intervertebral disc
j AC: firm and it is attached to the margins of AF
■ special apparatus: lig. capitis costae radiatum, at 2nd - 10th rib capitis costae intraarticulare
j movements: along axis parallel with the neck of the rib
■ allow elevation and depression of the ribs
Articulationes costotransversariae
AS: foveae costales transversales and art. surface on tuberculum costae AC: margins of the articular surfaces
special apparatus: lig. costotransversaria, between collum costae and transversal proccess of the vertebra
Movements: along axis which is parallel with collum costae \ v. \ ^
Articulatio intervertebralis
( bc k d w t)
Processus articularls inferior vertebrae VII | Processus articularis superior vertebrae VIII
Processus transversus
Lig. tuberculi costae laterale
Articulatio----^—•— .vv \ l i V»Y
costotransversaria (BCKpbir) ^V'lv *\v.\\vV
T
Lig. costotransversarium----
Lig. tuberculi costae I
Lig-
costotransversarium
laterale
Articulatio —-— capitis costae (ncKput) >S
---Collum costae
— Facies articularis capltuli costae "Lig. capitis costae radiatum
Caput costae + lig.radiatum
Lig.costotransversarium superius
ml
Juncturae sternocostales
• Connections between costal cartilages and sternum
1. Synchondrosis sternocostal is: cartilaginous connection with incisura costalis sterni, regularly at 1st often at 6th and 7th rib
2. Artt. sternocostales:
between 2nd to 5th rib and sternum
AS: sternal end of costal cartilage, incisura costalis
sterni
AC: to the margins of the articular surfaces Special apparatus: ligg. sternocostalia radiata - they form membrana sterni externa and interna
Junctions of adjacent ribs
1. Articulationes interchondrales
joint connection between costal cartilages of 5th to 9th rib, covered by short articular capsule
2. Membranae intercostales - fibrous membranes connecting adjacent ribs Membrana intercostalis externa
Membrana intercostalis interna________
Chest cage shape and movements
• Shape of truncated cone
• base (apertura thoracis inferior)_
• apex (apertura thoracis superior)
• walls-frontal, dorsal, lateral cavitas thoracis
spatia intercostalia a reus costarum angulus infrasternalis
Movements
• in costovertebral connections, axis runs parallel with collum costae
• Upward rotation - inspirium downward rotation- exspirium
Movements of the thoracic wall during inspiration produce increases in the intrathoracic volume and
diameters of the thorax
Right lateral views
Right lateral view
Anterior view
Illustrations were copied from:
Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993)
Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy. Windows Version 2.0
Čihák R: Anatomie 2 (Splanchnologia). Avicenum, zdravotnické nakladatelství, Praha, 1988. Drake et al: Gray's Anatomy for Students. 2010 Archiv of the lecturer