RNDr. Michaela Račanská, Ph.D.
Lecture 8 – DENTISTRY – Autumn 2013
Connections of the skull
(juncturae cranii)
Junctions of the skull
 craniovetebral junctions
 syndesmoses
 synchondroses
 temporomandibular joint
 hyoid junctions
Source: http://www.helago-cz.cz/product/a290-model-lebky/
Craniovertebral junctiones
 Connection of the skull with the C1 and C2
1. Articulatio atlantooccipitalis
Paired joint
AS:
condyli occipitales and
foveae articulares superiores
of atlas
AS:
Is attached to the margins of
the articular surfaces
Special apparatus:
membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior and posterior
(between arches of atlas and occipital bone)
membrana tectoria
(cranial continuation of lig. longitudinale posterius, it reaches to clivus)
Type of joint: elipsoidal with possibility of flexion and extension of the
head and there are also possible smaller movements sideways
2. Articulatio atlantoaxialis
a) articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis
•Paired joint
AS:
facies articulares inferiores of atlas
facies articulares superiores of axis
b) articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana
•Unpaired joint
AS:
facies articularis anterior on frontal side of
dens axis with fovea dentis of atlas and
facies articularis posterior on dorsal side of
dens axis with lig. transversum atlantis
AC: is common and is attached to the
margins of the articular surfaces
Special apparatus:
lig. apicis dentis, ligg. alaria,
lig. cruciforme atlantis, formed by
lig. transversum atlantis and fasciculi
longitudinales (vertical fibrous bands going
from axis to occipital bone)
Type of joint: both joints form one
mechanical unit, atlas is rotating along dens
axis in range of 60°
Skull syndesmoses
Present sutures (suturae), between the margins of the
bones, there is a layer of fibrous tissue
Skull synchondroses
s. sphenopetrosa
s. petrooccipitalis
s.Interoccipitalis - anterior et posterior
s. intersphenoidalis,
s. sphenooccipitalis
synchrondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Temporomandibular joint
(articulatio temporomandibularis)
AS: caput mandibulae connects with fossa mandibularis
and tuberculum articulare of temporal bone
AC: is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces,
its medial part is very strong, it rows together with discus
articularis
Type of joint: gynglimus (hinge)
Elevation – closing of the mouth
Depresion – opening of the mouth
Protraction – shifting od the chin forwards
Retraction – shifting od the chin backwards
Special apparatus:
discus articularis (fibrous cartilage):
 its middle part is thiner and the margins are thicker,
 it grows together with articular capsule,
 It reduce sliding friction
 allow the mouth open and close
 it divides articular cavity into:
 upper compartment : pars discotemporalis –
between the condyle and disc (1,2ml)
 lower compartment - discomandibularis between
the disc and mand. fossa (0,9ml)
Ligaments - extraarticular
on lateral side: lig. laterale
around the joint: lig. sphenomandibulare (runs from the styloid process
→ the posterior edge of the angle of the mandible)
lig. stylomandibulare (runs from the styloid process → the posterior
edge of the angle of the mandible)
Movements at the TMJ
Hinge movement
type of rotation takes place in the lower compartment between
the stationary disc and the moving condyle
Gliding movement
takes place in the upper compartment between the superior
surface of the disc, which is moving, and mandibular fossa
Depression - the opening
with simple rotation at the joint can be achieved 15 - 20mm
intericisor distance
during translation, the disc and condyle move under the
articular eminence
Elevation – the closing
translation - the condyles move backward and upward along
the articular eminence
rotation upward to attain final position
Protrusion
slide the mandible forward
maximal protrusion results in the lower incisors being a few mm
anterior to the maxillary incisors
Retrusion
move the mandible posteriorly
condyles move backward and upward and reoccupy the
mandibular fossa
Laterotrusion
the condyle move to the right or to the left side
Hyoid junctions
The skull and hyoid bone connects using muscle and lig. stylohyoideum
X-ray picture of skull
of Maxmilián the
2nd with good
visible processus
styloideus elongatus,
7 cm long
Connections of the upper limb
(juncturae ossium membri superioris)
Connections of the girdle:
scapula + clavicle – art. acromioclavicularis
clavicle + sternum – art. sternoclavicularis
Syndesmoses of the shoulder blade
Connections of the free upper limb:
Humerus + scapula – art. humeri
Humerus + radius + ulna – art. cubiti
Radius + ulna – membrana interossea antebrachii
– art. radioulnaris distalis
Radius + carpal bones– art. radiocarpea
Carpal bones – art. mediocarpea
carpal + metacarpal bones– art. carpometacarpea
Metacarpal bones + phalanges proximales – art. metacarpophalangea
Phalanges – art. interphalangea manus
I. Articulatio sternoclavicularis
Type: compound joint- discus articularis
ball and socket (movements in connection to the scapula
movements)
A. head: facies articularis sternalis claviculae
A. fossa: incisura clavicularis manubrii sterni
AC: tough, short
Ligaments:
lig. sternoclaviculare anterius
lig. sternoclaviculare posterius
lig. interclaviculare
lig. costoclaviculare
Movements: small, to all direction
Type: ball and socket, sometimes discus articularis
AS: facies art. acromialis (clavicula) + facies art. acromii (scapula)
AC: tough, short
ligaments:
lig. acromioclaviculare
lig. coracoclaviculare (lig. trapezoideum + lig. conoideum)
lig. coracoacromiale - fornix humeri
lig. transversum scapulae
movements:
restricted, in connections with movements in sternoclavicular joint
II. Articulatio acromioclavicularis
Syndesmoses of the shoulder blade:
- lig. transversum scapulae
- lig. coracoacromiale - fornix humeri
Movements of the scapula:
- Retraktion
- Protraktion
- Elevation
- Depresion
- Rotation
Glenohumeral joint (art. humeri)
 Ball-and-socket type of joint → wide range of movement ARTHRODIA (its mobility makes the
joint relatively unstable)
 AS: humeral head articulates with the relatively shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula – deepened
by the ring-like fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum
 AC: from the margins of the pits to the collum anatomicum humeri, at the ventral side makes
synovial layer around the long head of biceps
 Ligaments:
 lig. coracohumerale
 ligg. glenohumeralia
 lig. coracoacromiale (fornix humeri)
 Bursa subacromialis, subcoracoidea,
subdeltoidea
MOVEMENTS:
Ventral and dorsal flexion
abduktion
(from the horizontal plane together
with movements of the scapula)
adduktion
rotation - supination, pronation
Middle position:
Slow flexion and small abduktion
Articulations of the forearm
ELBOW JOINT (ART. CUBITI)
Type: compound joint
Articulatio humeroulnaris
Type: hinge
A. head: trochlea humeri
A. fossa: incisura trochlearis ulnae
Articulatio humeroradialis
Type: ball and socket
A. head: capitulum humeri
A. fossa: fovea articularis radii
Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis
Type: pivot
A. head: circumferentia articularis radii
A. fossa: incisura radialis ulnae
AC: common for all three parts, attach to the margins of AS, at radius to the collum - recessus sacciformis
Ligamnets:
lig. collaterale radiale
lig. collaterale ulnare
lig. obliquum
lig. anulare radii
Movements: flexion, extension
Art. radioulnaris proximalis together
With art. radioulnaris distalis – pronation and supination
Middle position: in slight flexion and pronation
SYNDESMOSES RADIOULNARIS
Interosseous membrane (chorda obliqua)
Distal Radioulnar Joint (pivot)
head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar
notch on the medial side of the distal end of
the radius
AC: free, anables rotaion of the distal part of
the radius around the head of the ulna
articular disc binds the ends of the ulna and
radius together
movements - supination and pronation
ARTICULATIO RADIOCARPALIS
Radius and carpal bones
ARTICULATIO MEDIOCARPALIS
between proximal and distal row of carpal bones
ARTICULATIONES INTERCARPALES
conestions between carpal bones
ARTICULATIONES CARPOMETACARPALES
distal row of carpal bones with metacarpals
ARTICULATIONES INTERMETACARPALES
between bases of metacarpal bones
ARTICULATIONES METACARPOPHALANGEALES
heads of the metacarpals with the proximal row of
phalanges
ARTICULATIONES INTERPHALANGEALES
Between phalanges
retinaculum musculorum flexorum
(lig. carpi transversum)
between eminentia carpi radialis et ulnaris -> canalis carpi
Articulationes manus
Articulatio radiocarpalis
Type: compound, ellipsoid
A. head: os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum
A. fossa: facies articularis carpalis radii, discus articularis
AC: firm and short
Ligaments: common with art. mediocarpalis
Movements: functional unit with medicarpal, intercarpal, carpometacarpal joints
Palmar and dorsal flexion
radial and ulnar duktion
circumduktion
Articulatio mediocarpalis
Type: elipsoid, compound, in the shape of horizontaly placed "S"
A. head, ulnar side: os hamatum, os capitatum
A. head, Radial side: os scaphoideum
A. fossa, ulnar side: os scaphoideum, os lunatum, os triquetrum
A. fossa, radila side: os trapezium, os trapezoideum
AC: firm and short
ligaments:
lig. intercarpea dors., ventr., interossea
lig. radiocarpale palmare et dorsale
lig. ulnocarpale palmare et dorsale
lig. carpi radiatum
lig. collaterale carpi radiale et ulnare
Movements:
functional unit with mediocarpal, intercarpal
and carpometacrapal joints
Palmar and dorsal flexion,
Radial and ulnar duktion, cirkumduktion
Smidle position: same as the anatomical one
- Wrist and digits are in continuation of the forarm long axes
Articulatio ossis pisiformis:
os pisiforme and os triquetrum - amphiarthrosis
lig. pisohamatum
lig. pisometacarpeum
(continuation of the tendon of m. flexor carpi ulnaris)
Articulationes intercarpales
Connection of bones of the proximal and distal row of the wrist
• ligg. intercapalia dorsalia
• ligg. intercarpalia palmaria
• ligg. intercarpalis interossea
Articulationes carpometacarpales II.-V.
Type: compound
AS: base of the MC II - os trapezium, os trapezoideum, os
capitatum
base of the MC III - os capitatum
base of the MC IV and V - os hamatum
MC bases in between
AC: short, tough
ligaments:
ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia
ligg. carpometacarpalia palmaria
ligg. carpometacarpalia interossea
ligg. metacarpea palm., dors., interossea
Movements: amphiarthrosis
Articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis
Type: saddle
AH: basis ossis metacarpale I
AF: os trapezium
AC: free
Movements: abduktion, adduktion
oposition, reposition
Articulationes intermetacarpales
Ligg. intermetacarpalia
Art. metacarpophalangeales
Type: ball and socket
AH: caput ossis metacarpalis
AF: basis phalangis
AC: free
Ligaments:
ligg. collateralia
ligg. palmaria - fibrocartilago palmaris
lig. metacarpale transversum profundum
Movements: flexion a etension
abduktion and adduktion – in not flexed finger
Type: hinge
AH: caput (trochlea) phalangis
AF: basis phalangis
AC: free
Ligaments:
ligg. collateralia
ligg. palmaria - fibrocartilagines palmares
Movements: flexion and extension
Articulationes interphalangeales
Thank you for your attention!!
The pictures for the presentation were taken from:
Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen/Sobotta. Putz,R., und Pabst,R. 20. Auflage.
München:Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1993
Netter: Interactive Atlas of Human Anatomy.
Naňka, Elišková: Přehled anatomie. Galén, Praha 2009.
Čihák: Anatomie I, II, III.
Drake et al: Gray´s Anatomy for Students. 2010
Archiv of the lecturer, archiv of the Department of Anatomy, MU, Brno