present simple (form) affirmative I / You / We / They want go take She / He / It wants goes takes Most verbs add -s for third person she / he / it: want-wants live-lives Verbs ending -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o: add -es passes washes relaxes goes negative I / You / We / They do not (don't) want go She / He / It does not (doesn't) relax take J questions and short answers Do I / you / we / they work? Yes, I do. / No, I do not (don't). Does she / he / it work? Yes, he does. / No, he does not (doesn't). s__/ Use present simple for • facts, or things that always happen. Water boils at W0°C • routines and habits. The birds return to the island every spring. • timetable events. The Drama Club meets every Thursday at 7.30. • plots of films, stories and plays. At the party, Romeo sees Juliet and falls in love with her. yes /no questions and short answers Do male penguins keep the eggs warm? Yes, they do. Does water boil at 80°C? No, it does not I doesn't. question words We put question words in front of present simple yes / no questions. Why do people grow? Where does water come from? When do fish sleep ? What does this word mean? Who do you sit next to ? How does a camera work? what and who subject questions With what and who it is possible to ask questions about the subject of a sentence. In this case, we do not use a question form. Who knows the answer to this question? What makes it work? 1 Complete the sentence with the affirmative form of the verb in brackets. a I (drive)............drive.................but my sister (cycle)............................................ b The Sun (rise)............................................in the east and (set)............................................in the west. c The Prime Minister (travel)............................................abroad in his own private aeroplane. d It (cost)............................................$20 million to be a space tourist for one week in the International Space Station. e The European Commission (meet)............................................in Brussels. f My dad (read)............................................two books every week. g I (understand)............................................geography more than science. h My favourite TV programme (start)............................................at half past ten. i The teachers at our school (give)............................................us lots of homework. j We (like)............................................swimming because it's fun and good exercise. 2 Complete the sentence with the negative form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions. a You (do)...............AqkA.Aq.....................any of the cooking! b My brother (play)................................................................tennis because he (like)................................................................it. c I (think)................................................................that's a good idea. d Teachers (work)...............................................................at weekends. e The government (agree)................................................................with the new EU laws. f We (want)................................................................to see that film because it looks boring. g I lis mum (drive)................................................................a fast car. h Those new mp3 players (be)................................................................very expensive. i These birds (stay)................................................................in the country during winter. j He (sing)................................................................very well, does he? 3 Complete the sentence with the affirmative or negative form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions. a The plane (leave)............icav&S............in half an hour but Nick (not / be) ............................................at the airport yet. b My best friend (love)............................................science fiction films but they (not / interest) ............................................me. c I (not / study)............................................chemistry because it (be)............................................difficult. d I (not / dance)............................................because I (look)............................................stupid. e The Sun (not / go)............................................round the Earth, the Earth (go)............................................round the Sun! f My new computer (do)............................................lots more things than my old one, and it (not / crash)............................................ g My dad (not / have)............................................any qualifications but he (have) gj ............................................a really good job. Q. h Fire (need)............................................oxygen to burn. It (not / burn)............................................ without oxygen. +j i My teacher (not / own)............................................a mobile phone because some people think they qj in (be)............................................bad for your health. 0> j According to scientists, animals (live)............................................longer if they (not / eat) Q- ............................................too much. £%. Complete the text with the affirmative form of the verbs in brackets Emperor penguins a (live).....................[&&........................in the Antarctic. The sea b (provide).......................................................all their food, so they are good swimmers. They c (dive).......................................................under the water and d (hold).................................their breath for up to 20 minutes. When the weather is very cold, the penguins e (stand).......................................................in a group. This f (keep).......................................................them warm. The Emperor is the only penguin that g (breed).......................................................in winter in Antarctica. Each female h (lay).......................................................one egg in May or June. They then i (return).........................................................to the sea to feed. Each male then j (stand).......................................................with an egg on his feet. His feet k (keep).......................................................the egg warm. He I (sleep) ........................................ most of the time and m (eat).......................................................no food for about 65 days. When the egg 11 (hatch)......................................................., the female o (come).......................................................back and p (find)................................................... her mate. Now the females q (feed).......................................................the young penguins. The male r (spend).......................................................his time eating. After a few weeks, the male s (return).......................................................to the family, and then both parents t (look after).......................................................the chick. Complete the text with the negative form of the verbs in brackets. ROMEO AND JULIET Two families, the Montagues and Capulets, live in Verona, Italy, but they (get on).......cfbnM' GC-t OH.............. with each other. Romeo, son of Montague, thinks he is in love with Rosaline, but unfortunately she (love)................................................................him. He goes to see her at a party at the house of his enemy Capulet, but there he sees Juliet, Capulet's daughter. She (know)................................................................his name because he has a mask Tybalt, one of the Capulet family, tries to fight with Romeo, but Capulet (allow)............................................................... this. However,Tybalt (agree)................................................................with him, and (forgive)................................................................ Romeo for coming to the house. Romeo manages to talk to Juliet, and he kisses her.They (understand) ................................................................that their families are enemies. When Romeo learns the truth, he 11 (care) ................................................................that his love for Juliet could be very dangerous. Later he goes back to the house and stands in the garden. Juliet is standing on the balcony talking to herself about Romeo, but (see) ................................................................him below in the garden.After he talks to her, they soon show their love for each other, and agree to get married. However, they (realize)................................................................that a terrible tragedy is about to happen. Complete the question using the verb in brackets. Check the factual answers on page 208. a ..................Vo.................bones S-fcp..............growing? (stop) b How much water............................................ the brain............................................? (contain) c ............................................you............................................hair on your tongue? (have) d How many square metres............................................an adult's skin ............................................? (cover) e ............................................hair............................................faster in hot weather? (grow) f How long............................................the heart............................................to pump blood around the body? (take) g ............................................muscles............................................or push? (pull) h Which vitamin............................................the liver............................................? (produce) i How many times a day............................................you............................................ in and out? (breathe) Brain Bone Muscle Skin Complete the text with the affirmative, negative or question form of the verbs in brackets. What a (do)....................c/ceS...................the body.........................Jo......................to protect itself? Your body b (prevent).......................................................harmful microorganisms entering and causing harm. The skin, for example, c (allow).......................................................microorganisms to enter. Hairs and mucus in your nose fl (catch).......................................................invaders, and then you e (push).......................................................the mucus out when you cough, sneeze or blow your nose. Enzymes and acids in the body, and white blood cells also f (destroy).......................................................bacteria. g (help).......................................................antibiotics.......................................................? Doctors h (use)............................................. antibiotic drugs to fight bacterial infections, but antibiotics i (work)....................................................... against viruses. This is why doctors j (give).......................................................antibiotics to patients with a common cold or flu. How k (work).......................................................immunization.......................................................? Immunization (or vaccination) is another way of protecting the body, by injecting the body with dead or inactive microorganisms. After vaccination, the body i (start).......................................................to make antibodies that destroy the microorganism. Because the microorganisms in the vaccination are not dangerous, the person m (get).......................................................ill. When they n (come).......................................................into contact with a live (dangerous) micro organism, then the antibodies o (destroy).......................................................the infection before it makes them ill. EXTENSION ACTIVITY 1 Make a list of five facts from this unit which interest or surprise you. 2 Write ten sentences about your routines and habits. present continuous (form) affirmative 1 You / We / They She/He/It am ('m) are (Ye) moving, is Cs) negative 1 You / We / They She / He / It am not ('m not) are not ('re nor / aren't) studying, is not (isn't 1 's not) J questions and short answers Am I going? Are you/we/they waiting? Is she/he/it singing? Yes, I am. / No, I am not ('m not). Yes, they are. / No, they are not (aren't I 're not) Yes, he is. / No, he is not (isn't I's not). spelling rules • One-syllable verbs ending in one vowel + one consonant, double the consonant and add -ing: sit - sitting get - getting put - putting • Verbs ending in e, drop e before adding -ing: like - iiking write - writing • Verbs ending -ie change -ie to -y: lie-lying die-dying • Two-syllable verbs ending in one vowel and one consonant usually double the final consonant and add -ing: travel - travelling admit - admitting • All other verbs add -ing: play-playing feel-feeling try-trying Use present continuous • for actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished. Sorry I'm busy at the moment. I'm doing my homework. • for continuing, unfinished actions which are not actually happening at the moment of speaking, with verbs like work, learn, read, study etc. What are you doing in science? We're learning about the universe. • for changing situations, with verbs like become, get, grow, change, increase, or with expressions such as more and more. The earth is becoming warmer. More and more people are leaving the countryside. • for a future arrangement, with a time reference (see Unit 10). We're leaving tomorrow. Note: we do not repeat auxiliary be when we talk about two or more actions. We are doing an experiment and making notes. present continuous or present simple? The Earth moves round the Sun. The floor is moving! It's an earthquake! Most scientists work with computers. I'm working on my science project. (present simple = a general fact) (present continuous = at the moment) (present simple = a general fact) (present continuous = at the moment) verbs not usually in present continuous Use present continuous with action verbs. For state verbs, which describe feelings, opinions etc, use present simple. Thoughts and opinions think, understand, know, suppose, believe, want, remember, forget, depend, agree Feelings like, love, hate, feel, prefer, need Senses see, hear, smell: basic sense meanings with can. I can see etc / see (= I understand) / hear (= people tell me) This meat smells (= has a smell) Possession and existence belong, contain, have, include, mean, seem, weigh present simple and continuous with different meanings Some verbs have a state meaning in present simple and an action meaning in present continuous. / think it's a good idea. I'm thinking about it. It has four legs. I'm having a great time. The surface feels hard. I'm feeling sick. (I feel sick is also possible) I'm seeing Tom on Friday. Present simple for opinion Present continuous for action (I haven't decided yet.) Present simple for description Present continuous for action (happening now) Present simple for description Present continuous for action (happening now) Present continuous for future action (I'm meeting) Complete the sentence with the affirmative form of the verb in brackets. a Look, all the people (leave)...........are., \casihq,............ b The Earth's temperature (rise).............................................................because people (use).............................................................too much energy. c She (study).............................................................economics and he (study).............................................................philosophy. d You (stand).............................................................too close to the road. e We (stay).............................................................in a lovely hotel by the beach. f I (go).............................................................to the supermarket now, do you need anything? g The cat (chase).............................................................the dog. h Technology (become).............................................................cheaper all the time. i Pawel and Marek (train).............................................................for the football game next week. j Manuela (listen).............................................................to music in her room. 2 Underline the correct form. a Scientists do not understand I are not understanding everything about the universe, b They disagree about some important facts. For example, does it get I is it getting larger or smaller? c Although they don't agree I are not agreeing about everything, there are some facts about the universe which they are sure about, d Take the planet Venus, for example. Here the temperature reaches I is reaching over 400°C. e And another unusual fact about Venus is that a day there lasts I is lasting longer than a year. f Many scientists still search I are still searching for life in other parts of the universe, g Do they look / Are they looking for life on Venus? h It doesn't seem I isn't seeming to be the kind of place where life might exist, i The atmosphere of Venus consists / is consisting mainly of carbon dioxide (C02). j And it has / is having an air pressure 90 times greater than that of Earth. 3 Complete the text with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Good afternoon, everybody. I a (speak)............tfM. ?>oe.MiA^ to you from Mount Surprising, the giant volcano. A team of scientists b (visit)................................................................the volcano, and I'm here for Big TV, just in case anything exciting happens. I c (stand)...............................................................here near the top of the crater, and d (look) ..............................................................down into the volcano. At the moment the four scientists e (climb)................................................................down into the crater. It doesn't look very dangerous, I must say, but they ■ (wear)................................................................special clothes and a rescue team (stand by).............................................................. just in case! A little bit of smoke li (rise)................................................................ from the volcano, but that's normal. Now the scientists i (set)................................................................up their equipment. They j (try)................................................................to collect some gas, which will help them understand what exactly i (go on)................................................................under the volcano. Wait a minute! Something I (happen) ................................................................! The ground m (shake) ................................................................! The four scientists n (climb) ................................................................out of the volcano as quickly as they can.They o (shout)................................................................ something as well. I think it's time to leave! Complete the sentence with the negative form of the verb in brackets. Use contractions. a As you know, the Marina space mission (go)............./Sn'-f Io'iacj............according to plan. b As far as we can tell, the spacecraft (head for).............................................................the moon. c We can't be sure because at the moment it (send).............................................................us any useful information. d Some of the equipment on the spacecraft (work).............................................................properly. e As a result, we (receive).............................................................radio signals. f It seems that the solar power panels (point).............................................................at the Sun. g So as a result, they (produce).............................................................enough power. h And at the moment Marina's computer (respond).............................................................to our signals. i We are trying to correct the problem but we (have).............................................................any luck. j However, we (give up).............................................................hope. © 5 Use the prompts to make a question. a the weather in your country / change IS A-'m. iCe..a (not stay)...........................................................the same. At the moment it <: (grow) .............................................................at an increasing rate. In fact, scientists d (believe).............................................................that the world population will increase until 2200, and then stop growing. However, things are not the same in all parts of the world. At present in many Western industrial countries the population e (fall).............................................................. This f (happen).............................................................because families are small, and health conditions are good. In developing countries, on the other hand, the population g (rise).............................................................sharply. In Ghana, for example, most families h (have)............................................................. several children. Many children in Ghana i (die).............................................................from illness, so it is important to have lots of children.They earn money for the family and j (look after)............................................................. their parents in old age. 7 Complete the sentence with the present simple or present continuous form of the verb in brackets. a Everybody (know).......................bia«!S.......................that the world's rainforests (disappear) are- Jinappc-arinq. b Although rainforests (cover)................................................................only six per cent of the Earth's land surface, they (contain)................................................................about 50% of all species of life on the planet. c They also (remove)................................................................carbon dioxide (CCb) from the air and (produce) ................................................................oxygen (O2). d As they are important, why (they / vanish)................................................................? e Most scientists (agree)................................................................that there are two main reasons. f First of all, the way of life in these forests (change)................................................................ g In some forests, big companies (cut)................................................................down more and more trees (deforestation) and (cause)................................................................damage to the land. h In other places, another kind of deforestation (happen)................................................................ i Here farmers (burn)................................................................more and more of the forest and (use) ................................................................the land to feed cattle. j Now that governments (understand)................................................................the problem, they (begin) ................................................................to control these activities. EXTENSION ACTIVITY 1 Write five true sentences about your continuing activities, with learn, read, write, study and try to. 2 Write five true sentences about yourself, people you know, your school etc describing changing situations. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. K__) present perfect simple (form) affirmative I / You / We / They She / He/It have (Ve) has ('s) decided. (past participle) negative I / You / We / They She / He / It have not (haven't I Ve not) has not (hasn't I's not) decided. questions Have Has Where have What has I/you / we/they she / he / it you she decided? put it? done? short answers Yes, I / you / we / they have, she/he/it has. No, I / you / we / they haven't, she / he / it hasn't. Regular verbs use -ec/form as the past participle. Irregular verbs have irregular forms. verb wait (regular) see (irregular) past simple waited saw past participle waited seen See the List of irregular verbs on page 206. (use) Use present perfect simple • to describe an event in the past without a definite time. Someone has broken a window in our classroom. • to describe what someone has completed or achieved in a period of time. I've finished my homework, and I've cleaned my room. • to describe how many things someone has done. Scientists have found more than 30 unknown insects. • to describe someone's experiences, what he or she has done in life. I've travelled by plane, but I haven't flown in a helicopter. • to describe changes, comparing past and present. Our climate has become much warmer. action verb happening in a period of time up to the present, exact time not known ? ? ? i ? ? ? ? PRESENT Someone has broken a window. We often use time words and phrases with present perfect simple to make the meaning clear. just, recently Someone has just broken a window. Scientists have recently found more than 30 unknown insects, ever?, never Have you ever flown in a helicopter? I've never travelled by plane, already (sooner than expected) I've already finished my homework. It was easy! yet? (we expect something to happen soon) Have you finished yet? not... yet (for things which have not happened so far) Peter hasn't phoned yet. I'm still waiting, for and since We use for with a length of time. She's worked here for ten years. We use since with a point of time to describe when the period of time began. They've lived here since 2001. been and gone A number of astronauts have been to the Moon. (and have returned) The space probe Voyager has gone past the planet Neptune. (it hasn't returned ) 1 Complete the sentence using a verb from the list in present perfect simple form. collect put up install recycle organize replace paint send plant show What we have done to make our school a greener place a We.........................Wave. .S£H-r......................information leaflets to all parents. b We................................................................................information posters in every classroom. c We............................................................................... over five tonnes of litter for recycling. d We................................................................................fifteen trees in front of the school. e We................................................................................50 light bulbs with energy-saving bulbs. f We................................................................................25 ink cartridges from computer printers. g We................................................................................three films about how to save energy. h We................................................................................signs on all the doors reminding people to turn off the lights. i We................................................................................five new energy-saving heaters. j We................................................................................teams of students to turn off unused lights. Read these sentences about fish. Then put the verb in brackets into present perfect simple form. f Many fish (not reproduce)................. a About 15% of protein eaten by humans (always come)........Wa?> a'.UMf. c.oiv.r,.......from fish. b Recently, however, the number of fish (fall).............. c Several things (cause)......................................................................this problem. d Most scientists agree that governments (not do) ......................................................................enough to stop overfishing. e This means that fish populations (grow) ......................................................................smaller. fast enough to replace their numbers, g The population of North Sea cod, for example, (reach)......................................................................a dangerous level. h EU laws (reduce)......................................................................the numbers of fishing boats, i As a result, many fishermen in traditional fishing ports (lose)......................................................................their jobs. j In recent years, fish in the UK (become) ......................................................................expensive, and many people (stop)......................................................................eating it. Q. E Vi +J u a; 4— i_ CD Q_ +-> C a> e 3 Use the prompts to make a question. a you / ever / see a humming bird? HaVfe ipu CXtC Se&n A hflmmmq bfoff.............? It's the world smallest bird. b you / ever / read War and Peace? .....................................................................................................................................? It's one of the longest 19th-century novels. c you / ever / visit San Marino? .....................................................................................................................................? It's Europe's second smallest country. d you / ever / swim in the Pacific Ocean? .....................................................................................................................................? It's the largest ocean in the world. e you / ever / take a trip to the Sahara Desert? .....................................................................................................................................? It's one of the hottest places in the world. 4 Complete each sentence with one of the time words in the list. You will need to use some words more than once. yet for already since In the laboratory .... a 'Haven't you left............................?' b 'No. I've been here.........................................8.00 this morning.' c 'Have you checked the results of the experiment.........................................?' d 'Yes, I've.........................................done that.' e 'We've worked on this project.........................................three weeks. Unfortunately we haven't discovered anything interesting.........................................' f 'No, nothing has happened.........................................last Tuesday.' g 'Yes, I know. I've.........................................seen your report.' h 'So I'm going to do the experiment again. But I haven't started it.........................................' i 'Don't bother. I've.........................................started it. I haven't checked........................................., but I think we're going to get the same results.' 5 Complete the sentence with have been or have gone. a Two scientists from a laboratory in Oxford a 'nave- ^onc- to Antarctica, and will stay there for three months. They b.........................................there to investigate the effects of global warming on the polar ice. Colleagues in Oxford, who c.........................................to Antarctica on earlier expeditions, will keep in touch with them by radio. b A team from London has arrived in China. They d.........................................there to join a project which is searching for the fossil remains of dinosaur eggs. 'We e (not).........................................to China before,' said team leader Mark Jones, 'though two of us f.........................................to the USA where there is a similar project.' c A dangerous spider is missing from a private zoo in Manchester. 'Herbie is a Brazilian wandering spider, and we're not sure where he g.........................................' said spokesperson Anne Graham. 'He only arrived in the zoo last month, so he h (not).........................................here long. A lot of children i.........................................to the zoo in the past few days, and we are worried that someone has taken Herbie, or that he j.........................................out in somebody's pocket, and they don't know about it.' Use the prompts to make a present perfect simple question about scientific advances. Then answer yes or no. Check the factual answers on page 208. a scientists / discover a cure for the common cold? Mtfve. Sc/V-n-b'K-fs ciiscove-ce-cl a -for- \We. common, col j?..................................................... b people / live for long periods in space? < human beings / land on Mars yet? d scientists / invent time travel yet? e doctors / manage to transplant human hearts? f archaeologists / find the lost city of Atlantis? g scientists / ever teach an animal to talk? 7 Read the text about climate change. Choose the correct form, A or B, to complete the sentence. At the moment, scientists agree that the world's climate a 3. warmer over the past 50 years, but they disagree about the causes. Some believe that human activities b.................climate change.They argue that for 1,000 or 2,000 years before 1850, when records c................., the temperature was more or less stable. Short warm or cold periods d.............. during that time, but the climate always e to the same level. However, since the Industrial Revolution, human beings f................. more and more fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. In 1800 the atmosphere g................ around 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide (C02). Since then there h.................an increase of about 3 I %.This extra carbon dioxide i................. the world's temperature because of the greenhouse effect. Other scientists disagree that human activities over the past 50 years j.................global warming.They point out that volcanoes and other natural processes k.................C02 into the atmosphere, and that human activity I a rise in C02 of only three per cent. In 1999, 156 countries m the Kyoto protocol, part of a United Nations agreement on climate change, which n.................into force in 2005.They to reduce their emissions of C02 and other greenhouse gases, although so far, some countries, such as the USA and Australia, p.................any action. a A became B has become b A caused B have caused c A began B have begun d A occurred B have occurred e A returned B has returned f A burned B have burned g A contained B has contained h A was B has been i A raised B has raised j A caused €> have caused k A always B have always released released 1 A contributed B has contributed m A signed B have signed ii A came B has come 0 A agreed B have agreed P A did not take B have not taken EXTENSION ACTIVITY Make a list of ten things you have done, or have never done in your life so far. Need more practice? Go to the Review on page 192. List of irregular verb forms Infinitive Past simple Past participle Infinitive Past simple Past participle be was / were been know knew known beat beat beaten lay laid laid become became become lead led led begin began begun learnt learnt / learned learnt / learned bend bent bent leave left left bite bit bitten lend lent lent blow blew blown let let let break broke broken lose lost lost bring brought brought make made made build built built meet met met burn burned / burnt burned / burnt pay paid paid burst burst burst put put put buy bought bought read read read catch caught caught ride rode ridden choose chose chosen ring rang rung come came come rise rose risen cost cost cost run ran run cut cut cut say said said deal dealt dealt see saw seen dig dug dug sell sold sold do did done send sent sent draw drew drawn shake shook shaken drink drank drunk shine shone shone drive drove driven shoot shot shot eat ate eaten sing sang sung fall fell fallen sink sank sunk feed fed fed sit sat sat feel felt felt sleep slept slept fight fought fought speak spoke spoken find found found spend spent spent fly flew flown stand stood stood forgive forgave forgiven steal stole stolen freeze froze frozen stick stuck stuck get got got swim swam swum give gave given take took taken go went gone teach taught taught grow grew grown tear tore torn hang hung hung tell told told hear heard heard think thought thought hide hid hidden throw threw thrown hit hit hit understand understood understood hold held held wake woke woken hurt hurt hurt wear wore worn keep kept kept win won won write wrote written Answer key Unit 1 Ex1 a drive, cycles b rises, sets c travels d costs e meets f reads g understand h starts i give j like EX 2 a don't do b doesn't play, doesn't like c don't think d don't work e doesn't agree f don't want q doesn't drive h aren't i don't stay j doesn't sing Ex 3 a leaves, isn't b loves, don't interest c don't study, is d don't dance, look e doesn't go, goes f does, doesn't crash g doesn't have, has h needs, doesn't burn i doesn't own, are j live, don't eat Ex 4 a live b provides c dive d hold e stand f keeps g breeds h lays i return j stands k keep I sleeps m eats n hatches o comes p finds q feed r spends s returns t look after Ex 5 a don't get on b doesn't love c doesn't know d doesn't allow e doesn't agree f doesn't forgive g don't understand h doesn't care i doesn't see j don't realize Ex 6 a Do, stop b does, contain c Do, have d does, cover e Does, grow f does, take [g Do, pull h does, produce i do, breathe x 7 does, do b prevents c doesn't allow d catch push f destroy g Do, help h use i don't work I don't give k does, work I starts m doesn't get n come o destroy Unit 2 Ex 1 a are leaving b is rising, are using c is studying, is studying d are standing e are staying f am going 9 is chasing h is becoming i are training j is listening Ex 2 a do not understand b is it getting c don't agree d reaches e lasts f are still searching g Are they looking h doesn't seem i consists j has Ex 3 a am speaking b is visiting c am standing d looking e are climbing f are wearing g is standing by h is rising i are setting j are trying k is going on I is happening m is shaking n are climbing 0 are shouting Ex 4 a isn't going b isn't heading for c isn't sending d isn't working e aren't receiving f aren't pointing g aren't producing h isn't responding i aren't having j aren't giving up Ex 5 a Is the weather in your country changing? b Is it growing warmer or colder? c Are storms happening more often? tl Is less snow falling in winter? e Is summer getting hotter? f Are the changes becoming a problem? g Are people worrying about this? h Are they doing anything to help? Ex 6 a means b doesn't stay c is growing d believe e is falling f is happening g is rising li have 1 die j look after Ex 7 a knows, are disappearing b cover, contain c remove, produce d are they vanishing e agree f is changing g are cutting down, causing h is happening i are burning, using j understand, are beginning Unit 3 Ex 1 a developed b left c believed, wanted d arrived e built f planted, worked, improved g arrived, thought h saw, decided i killed, defeated, destroyed Ex 2 a wore g had b took c drank d went h got i paid j knew e made f meant Ex 3 a Alexander the Great didn't marry Cleopatra, b Nelson Mandela didn't become President of South Africa in 1994. c Leonardo da Vinci didn't invent the Internet, d Confucius the Chinese philosopher died in 1900 BC. e Marco Polo didn't stay in China for five years, f The ancient Romans didn't use steam engines in their battles, g Genghis Khan didn't invade Italy and capture Rome, h Christopher Columbus didn't reach America by accident, i William Shakespeare didn't write Don Quixote. Ex 4 a When did the Industrial Revolution happen in Britain? b How did work change? c What did the first factories produce? d What did new technology encourage? e What power did factories use? f What did these factories require? g Where did manufacturers construct their factories? h Why did they decide to do this? i What did factories also need? j Where did industry in the UK develop? Ex 5 a Did he come from a rich family? b Did he grow up in London? c Did he go to school? cl Did he know Latin? e Did he get married? f Did they have children? g Did he begin writing plays in Stratford? h Did he write 37 plays all by himself? i Did he make up all the characters and plots of his plays? j Did he become rich and famous? Ex 6 a studied b became c received d owned e made f had g did the alcohol turn to acid h happened i couldn't j threw k asked ! didn't know m examined n found o believed p caused q Did milk, wine and vinegar behave in the same way r disagreed s made t continued u invented v proved w worked x developed Unit 4 Ex 1 a was taking, discovered b was working, dropped, invented c arrived, was trying d discovered, was looking e was climbing, discovered f was sitting , fell, understood g was trying, made, stuck h was observing, realized Ex 2A a Where was Edouard Benedictus working when he invented safety glass? b Where was Columbus trying to go when he reached America? c Where was Isaac Newton sitting according to the story about gravity? d What was Dr Harry Coover hoping to invent? e What was Galileo looking at through his telescope? Ex 2B Ex 3 a was growing up, became b was attending, murdered c was fighting, started destroyed d led, was staying, undid e was marching, defeated f founded, was visiting g was travelling, gave h killed, were having i was attacking, received, j was attending, fell, died Ex 4 a used to write b used to act c used to do, used to set d used to help e used to teach, used to tell f used to work g used to hold h used to spend Ex 5 a used to be b used to form c didn't use to be d used to exist e used to be f didn't use to live g did they use to eat, used to eat h didn't use to stay, used to travel Ex 6 a were looking for b reached c were living d tried e fought f drove g gave up h were working i discovered j proved k sailed I were arguing m wanted n took o found p were looking for q was travelling r learned s arrived t received Unit 5 Ex 1 a have sent b have put up c have collected d have planted e have replaced f have recycled g have shown h have painted i have installed j have organized Ex 2 a has always come b has fallen c have caused d have not / haven't done e have grown f have not / haven't reproduced g has reached h have reduced i have lost j has become, have stopped Ex 3 a Have you ever seen a humming bird? b Have you ever read War and Peace? c Have you ever visited San Marino? d Have you ever swum in the Pacific Ocean? e Have you ever taken a trip to the Sahara Desert? f wasn't trying g wasn't hoping h wasn't looking for i wasn't sitting j wasn't conducting Ex 4 a yet b since c yet d already g already h yet i already, yet e for, yet f since Ex 5 a have gone b have gone c have been d have gone e have not been f have been g has gone h has not been i have been j has gone Ex 6 a Have scientists discovered a cure for the common cold? b Have people lived for long periods in space (yet)? c Have human beings landed on Mars (yet)? d Have scientists invented time travel (yet)? e Have doctors managed to transplant human hearts (yet)? f Have archaeologists found the lost city of Atlantis (yet)? g Have scientists ever taught an animal to talk? Unit 7 Ex 1 a finally reached b had actually arrived c found d had got e had used f restored Ex 2 a tried, had run b turned, had not saved c had not paid, stopped d received, had sent e checked, had done f had received, ran g downloaded, had made h had gone, looked i had pressed, happened j went, had happened Ex 3 a came b died, served c returned, had won d became e had risen, had formed f fought g had died h ordered, had become i defeated j murdered, had been Ex 7 B b B I B A m A d A n A e A o A fB gA pB h B i B j B Unit 6 Ex 1 a haven't been waiting b have been looking for c have been studying d has been going e has been having f have you been doing g have been working h have been painting Ex 2 a have recently identified b have been searching c have found d has been exploring e have found f have been looking g spotted h has been working i has produced j have discovered k have managed Ex 3 a How long have astronomers been looking for Pluto's moons? b How long have archaeologists been hoping to find Atlantis? c How long have scientists been using satellites to discover new reefs? d How long have physicists been investigating the origin of the universe? e How long have scientists been observing Vesuvius? i How long have biologists been trying to find new species of mammal? g How long have archaeologists been excavating the palace in Guatemala? h How long have doctors been searching for a cure for HIV? Ex 4 a C bC kB IB c A m B d C n A eC o A f C pA gA q A h A r A i B s A JA t A Ex 5 a wanted e mixed b gave c produced f had done g asked d had not used h knew i was thinking j was climbing k noticed I had spilled m realized n had solved o had spilled p jumped q ran r admitted s had cheated t had discovered Ex 6 a had been climbing b had been snowing, had hurt c had been looking d had already phoned e had also left f had prepared g had been heading h had brought Unit 8 Ex 1 a stopped, had robbed b turned on, was climbing c arrived, had missed d tried, died e had made, had gone f had just finished, hadn't had g didn't answer, was painting h wasn't working, was i woke up, had been snowing j landed, had been waiting Ex 2 a left b completed c hasn't arrived d haven't played e liked f did you go g hasn't taken h Have you seen i did you realise j've had Ex 3 a gave up b had learned c were travelling d had composed e was visiting f listened g had kept h had published i managed j had listened k had become I had m wrote n was working o fell