1. Complete the correct preposition

1.       As an individual ages, body systems become susceptible ______ disease.

2.       This eating disorder occurs chiefly ______ women.

3.       Tooth decay results ______ the action of bacteria that live in the plaque.

4.       Before 1980’s, it was believed that ulcers were caused ______ several factors which
resulted ______ excess stomach acid.

5.       Alcohol interferes ______ the absorption of nutrients.

6.       Diabetes mellitus patients break ______ stored fat for energy ______ difficulty.

7.       The condition of developing gallstones tends ______ run ______ families.

8.       The sores are generally referred ______ as peptic ulcers.

9.       Duodenal ulcers account ______ about 80 % of all digestive ulcers.


2. Complete the text with a word made from the word given in brackets.

___________________ (APPENDIX) is an ___________________ (INFLAME) of the appendix. It is the most
common ___________________ (ABDOMEN) emergency found in children and young adults. Because of the
appendix's position at the bottom of the cecum, scientists believe one of the main causes of
___________________ (APPENDIX) is an ___________________ (INVADE) of bacteria. When infected with
bacteria, the appendix may become ___________________ (SWELL) and filled with pus. It may then
eventually rupture. If left ___________________ (TREAT), this disease is fatal. The _____________
(TREAT) for the condition is an immediate ___________________ (APPENDIX) or ___________________
(SURGERY) ___________________ (REMOVE) of the ___________________ (INFLAME) and ruptured appendix.

Over time, bulimia causes vitamin ___________________ (DEFICIENT) and an ___________________
(BALANCE) of critical body fluids. ___________________ (SEIZE) and kidney ___________________
(FAIL) can ultimately result. Bulimics may also suffer from ___________________ (ANXIOUS) and low
self-esteem.


3. Listening. Listen to the talk on diabetes and answer the questions.

1.       What is the estimated percentage of people with diabetes in the USA? ________

2.       What two uses of food are mentioned in the talk? ________________

3.       What increases when a person suffers from diabetes? _________________

The _______________________________ increases.

4.       What is the immediate symptom of diabetes? Feeling _______________________

5.       What is the most common precipitating factor causing type 2 diabetes? _________

6.       Which system stops working properly in type 1 diabetes? __________________

7.       What name was used for type 1 diabetes in the past? ______________________

8.       Who gets gestational diabetes? ________________________


1. Rewrite these sentences using the Passive.

Example:

We isolate infected patients. → Infected patients are isolated

1. Lymphocytes make antibodies.

2. Tomorrow we will follow the disinfection schedule.

3. We have cancelled all operations because of an MRSA outbreak

4. Antibodies have improved his condition.

5. The epidemic will probably kill millions.





2. Passive modals

This rule has to be followed at all times

These instruments should not be sterilized at temperatures higher than 160°C.

Use of gloves alone must not be considered a substitute for hand washing.

1. The nurse on duty must write the report.

2. You have to limit the growth of micro-organisms.

3. Someone should clean the soap dispensers every day.

4. We must all use alcohol hand rub between patient contacts.

5. Staff must never use common towels – they are vectors for disease.

3. Complete with wherever possible, otherwise by:

a) The patient was hit ______ a car.    b) An old lady was hit _______ a baseball bat by a thief.

c) The window was broken _______ a stone.    d) My flat was damaged _____ the hurricane.

e) The patient was cured ______ the new therapy.

We use ______ for objects which perform an action, the object is used deliberately for a purpose.

We use _____ for persons or for objects to show that the action carried out was accidental.


4. Rewrite the sentences so that you start with the words given.

Someone is looking after the patient with gastritis. The patient with gastritis _____________

Someone shot at the policemen. The policemen ___________________________________

The nurse carried away your blood sample. Your blood sample ________________________

They made Jane write the test again. Jane _______________________________________

They made the doctors work 20 hours shifts. The doctors ___________________________


5. Transform these sentences with the respective form of the verb “to have” and do not use the
underlined words.

1) The nurse measures my blood pressure twice a day. I _____________________________________

2) I can’t talk to you now, the dentist is taking out my tooth. I can’t talk to you now, I
_____________

3) A plastic surgeon has altered Karin’s nose. Karin ________________________________________

4) Doctors removed his appendix during the operation. He___________________________________

5) Someone broke Tim’s nose while he was playing football. Tim _________while he was playing
football.